Essentials of Health

Adolescent obesity increases future coronary heart disease risk

2007-12-27T20:12:00.000-08:00

A rising trend of adolescent obesity is projected to result in an increase of heart disease events (including death) by up to 16% between the years of 2020 and 2035.

The effect of adolescent obesity on future adult heart disease risk has not been clearly established. In a recent publication, researchers estimated the prevalence of obese 35-year-olds in 2020 on the basis of adolescents overweight in 2000 and historical trends regarding overweight adolescents who become obese adults. A state-transition computer simulation was used to project the annual excess incidence and prevalence of heart disease, the total number of excess heart disease events, and excess deaths from both heart disease and other causes related to obesity from 2020 to 2035.

The number of overweight adolescents is projected to increase the prevalence of obese 35-year-olds in 2020 to a range of 30-37% in men and 34-44% in women. As a result of this increased obesity, an increase in the incidence of heart disease and related deaths is projected to occur in young adulthood. By 2035, it is estimated that the prevalence of heart disease will increase by a range of 5-16%, with more than 100,000 excess cases caused by the increased obesity.

Although projections 25 or more years into the future are subject to numerous uncertainties, based on current data it is a reasonable assumption that adolescent obesity will increase rates of heart disease among future young and middle-aged adults, resulting in substantial increases in disease and death rates.

Researchers concluded that aggressive treatment with currently available therapies to reverse obesity-related risk factors may reduce, but not entirely eliminate, the calculated increase in the number of heart disease events.

N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 6;357(23):2371-9.

Multivitamins and Healthy Immune Function

2007-12-20T20:17:00.000-08:00

Adequate intakes of micronutrients are required for the immune system to function efficiently. A good multivitamin/mineral can enhance the immune system by supporting the body's natural defenses on both structural and cellular levels.

A recent article published in the British Journal of Nutrition summarizes the roles of selected vitamins and trace elements in immune function.

Adequate intakes of micronutrients are required for the immune system to function efficiently. Micronutrient deficiency suppresses immunity by affecting antibody responses, leading to imbalances in the immune system. This situation increases susceptibility to infections, which increases disease and death risk. In addition, infections aggravate micronutrient deficiencies by reducing nutrient intake, increasing losses, and interfering with utilization by altering metabolic pathways. Inadequate intakes of micronutrients are common in people with eating disorders, smokers (active and passive), individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, certain diseases, during pregnancy and lactation, and in the elderly.

Micronutrients contribute to the body's natural defenses on three levels by supporting physical barriers (skin/mucosa), cellular immunity and antibody production. Vitamins A, C, E and the mineral zinc assist in enhancing the skin barrier function. The vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, E and folic acid and the minerals iron, zinc, copper and selenium work in synergy to support the protective activities of the immune cells. Finally, all these micronutrients, with the exception of vitamin C and iron, are essential for the production of antibodies. Overall, inadequate intake and status of these vitamins and minerals may lead to a suppressed immune system, which increases the risk of infections and aggravates malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral that includes these micronutrients can support the body's natural defense system by enhancing all three levels of immunity.

Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98 Suppl 1:S29-35.

Junk food makes up nearly one-third of calories in American diet

2007-12-14T20:20:00.000-08:00

According to a large national survey, nutrient-poor food, or "junk food," contributes nearly 30% of all the energy (calories) consumed in the US population. Efforts to reduce obesity should focus on both individual and policy actions to reduce the importance of nutrient-poor foods in the US diet.

A study of 4,700 adults showed that despite the increased popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, almost one-third of Americans' calories are coming from 'empty calorie' foods such as sweets and desserts, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages. Salty snacks and fruit-flavored drinks make up another five percent. Lead researcher Gladys Block, a professor of epidemiology and public health nutrition at University of California, Berkeley, used data from a U.S. government survey called the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. She analyzed the answers of participants interviewed in 1999 and 2000 who were asked to report all the foods they ate in the previous 24 hours.

"We know people are eating a lot of junk food, but to have almost one-third of Americans' calories coming from those categories is a shocker. It's no wonder there's an obesity epidemic in this country," Block said in a statement.

Sodas contributed 7.1 percent of the total calories eaten. Sweets topped the list, followed by hamburgers, pizza, and potato chips. By contrast, fruits and vegetables made up only about 10 percent of calories in the diet.

"It's important to emphasize that sweets, desserts, snacks, and alcohol are contributing calories without providing vitamins and minerals," said Block.

"You can actually be obese and still be undernourished with regard to important nutrients. We shouldn't be telling people to eat less - we should be telling people to eat differently."

Block G. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Volume 17, June-August 2004, 439-447.

Vitamin D and endometrial cancer

2007-12-05T20:21:00.000-08:00

New research indicates that low serum vitamin D may be associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer.

The November 16, 2007 issue of the journal Preventive Medicine reported an association between ultraviolet light exposure and a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. Two previous investigations have already linked a lower rate of kidney and ovarian cancer with greater UV exposure, which increases the formation of vitamin D3 in the body.

Researchers analyzed data made available through GLOBOCAN, a database of cancer incidence and mortality in 175 countries. In general, the incidence of endometrial cancer was highest at the highest latitudes in both hemispheres. The correlation between low UV exposure and low vitamin D levels and endometrial cancer incidence remained strong even after adjusting for variables such as fat intake, weight, cloud cover, skin pigmentation and others.

Most previous studies have focused on hormone levels and dietary fat intake and their role in the development of the disease. This is the first study linking low serum vitamin D levels to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Along with other preventive measures, vitamin D adequacy should be considered as part of a comprehensive program for prevention of endometrial cancer.

Prev Med 2007 Nov;45(5):323-4.

Zinc supplements decrease incidence of infections in the elderly

2007-11-29T20:23:00.000-08:00

Elderly adults are increasingly susceptible to infections, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction. According to new research, supplementing with zinc for one year decreased the incidence of infections and lowered markers of oxidative stress in a group of adults aged 55-87 years.

Adults over the age of 55 years are more susceptible to infections, immune dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and zinc deficiency. Since zinc has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, new research sought to determine the effect of zinc on the incidence of total infections in the elderly. Researchers also tested the effect of zinc on markers of oxidative stress.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc supplementation was conducted in 50 healthy subjects of both sexes aged 55-87 years. The zinc-supplemented group received 45 mg of zinc orally for 12 months. Incidence of infections during the supplementation period was documented. Plasma zinc concentrations and markers of oxidative stress were measured at the beginning and after supplementation.

After zinc supplementation, the incidence of infections was significantly lower, plasma zinc was significantly higher, and generation of oxidative stress markers was significantly lower in the zinc-supplemented than in the placebo group.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 3, 837- 844, March 2007

Vitamin D supplementation lowers fracture risk

2007-09-21T20:29:00.000-07:00

Researchers have found that doses of 700 to 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day may reduce the risk of hip fracture by 26 percent and nonvertebral fracture by 23 percent.

The May 11 2005 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association published the results of a meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials involving vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of fracture. The analysis concluded that supplementation with higher than the commonly recommended 400 international unit (IU) doses of vitamin D reduces the risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older individuals.

The vitamin D studies included a total of 19,114 men and women aged 60 and older. The trials used the form of the vitamin known as cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3, which, according to studies cited in the current review, may be much more effective than the dietary form of the vitamin.

The researchers found that doses of 700 to 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day reduced the risk of hip fracture by 26 percent and nonvertebral fracture by 23 percent. Studies that used 400 IU vitamin D3 or less found no significant benefit for either type of fracture. The role of additional calcium supplementation could not clearly be defined from the studies, but it appears that at least 700 milligrams calcium per day may also be necessary for nonvertebral fracture prevention.

JAMA 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64.

Supplemental vitamin D and calcium reduces risk of diabetes

2007-09-12T19:54:00.000-07:00

The incidence of type-2 diabetes is lower among women who get adequate calcium and supplement with vitamin D. Researchers used data from the Nurses Health Study, which includes over 83,000 women, to study the relationship of calcium and vitamin D intake to type-2 diabetes.

After 20 years of follow-up, it was concluded that a combined daily intake of over 1,200 mg of calcium and more than 800 IU of vitamin D was associated with a 33 percent lower risk of type-2 diabetes. Interestingly, dietary vitamin D intake did not appear to provide any statistically significant benefit. But the women who supplemented with at least 400 IU of vitamin D had a 13% lower risk of diabetes when compared to those who took less than 100 IU per day. Both dietary and supplemental calcium resulted in decreased risk of type-2 diabetes, and those with overall intakes above 1,200 mg had a 21% lower risk than those who got less than 600 mg per day.

Elevated intakes of calcium and vitamin D, especially from supplements, are significantly associated with lower incidence of type-2 diabetes.

Diabetes Care 29:650-656, 2006

Vitamin D reduces the risk of certain cancers

2007-09-06T19:56:00.000-07:00

A study published in the American Journal of Public Health, has found that vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand premature deaths annually. The researchers reviewed 63 studies on the relationship between vitamin D and certain types of cancer worldwide between 1966 and 2004. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer, especially in cancers of the colon, breast, prostate and ovary.

Vitamin D is acquired either through the diet or through exposure to sunlight. Food sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, and fortified orange juice. A typical serving provides approximately 100 international units (IU). Researchers suggested that people might want to consider a vitamin supplement to raise their overall intake to 1,000 IU's per day. Supplementing with additional vitamin D could be especially important for people living in northern areas, which receive less vitamin D from sunlight.

The evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status through diet and supplements could reduce cancer incidence and mortality at low cost, with few or no adverse effects.

American Journal of Public Health February 2006, Vol 96, No. 2:252-261.

Omega-3 fatty acid intake associated with lower heart disease risk

2007-08-30T19:58:00.000-07:00

Increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet is associated with lower levels of inflammation and endothelial activation, according to results from a study at Harvard. Dysfunction of the endothelium, which is the inner lining of the blood vessel wall, is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis and subsequent heart disease.

Food frequency questionnaires completed in1986 and 1990 by 727 participants in the Nurses' Health study were evaluated for levels of the omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Alpha-linolenic acid consumption was found to be inversely associated with several plasma markers of inflammation, while EPA and DHA intake was inversely related to platelet aggregration.

Results of this study indicate that in addition to reducing triglycerides, platelet aggregation and heart arrhythmias, omega-3 fatty acids may also reduce the body's production of hydrogen peroxide, which is involved in the inflammatory process.

J Nutr 2004 Jul;134(7):1806-11

Low Levels of Vitamin D Are Common Among Healthy Children

2007-08-10T19:59:00.000-07:00

According to a new study, many kids and adolescents who are otherwise healthy may have inadequate blood levels of vitamin D, a nutrient essential for normal growth and development. A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may lead to muscle weakness, defective bone mineralization and rickets. A new study published in the July 2007 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has found that many children may be at risk for a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is essential for normal growth and development and is important for immune function.

The researchers from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia assessed dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake, body mass, and measured blood levels of vitamin D in 382 healthy children between six years and 21 years of age living in the northeastern U.S. and found that more than half of the children had low blood levels of vitamin D. Of the subjects, 55 percent of the children had inadequate vitamin D blood levels and 68 percent overall had low blood levels of the vitamin in the wintertime. African Americans, children aged 9 and older, and those whose vitamin D intake was low were likeliest to have reduced serum vitamin D levels.

"The best indicator of a person's vitamin D status is the blood level of a vitamin D compound called 25-hydroxyvitamin D," Dr. Zemel, the lead investigator noted. "Vitamin D deficiency remains an under-recognized problem overall, and is not well studied in children."

The researchers added that further study is needed to determine the appropriate blood levels of vitamin D in children, as well as a review of the current recommendations for vitamin D intake.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 July; 86(1):150- 8.

Magnesium intake increases bone mineral density and may reduce the risk of osteoporosis

2007-08-02T20:01:00.000-07:00

A study published in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society has shown that dietary intake of magnesium is associated with an increase in bone mineral density in older men and women. The study included 2,038 men and women aged 70-79 that were enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess magnesium intakes and document any medications. The data also accounted for variations in age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, estrogen use, and supplemental calcium and vitamin D.

Higher magnesium intake through diet and supplements was positively associated with total - body bone mineral density (BMD) in older white men and women. For every 100 mg per day increase in magnesium, there was an approximate 2 per cent increase in whole-body BMD.

The results have important implications since osteoporosis currently affects over 10 million adults in the U.S. alone, with another 34 million suspected to have low bone mass. In addition, earlier dietary surveys have consistently shown that a large portion of adults do not meet the RDA for magnesium.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society November 2005, Vol 53, No 11, pp 1875-1880

Vitamin D levels inadequate in half of women treated with osteoporosis drugs

2007-05-10T20:02:00.000-07:00

Despite efforts to increase knowledge and emphasis on osteoporosis prevention and treatment, research indicates that many women treated for osteoporosis have low levels of vitamin D, a nutrient necessary for adequate bone mineralization. A recent study involved 1,536 postmenopausal women from 61 study sites who had been taking medications for the treatment of osteoporosis for a minimum of three months. Participants were allowed to have used vitamin D supplements as long as the dosage had remained consistent.

Overall, 52 percent of the women had vitamin D levels considered inadequate. Sixty-three percent of women who reported a supplemental intake of 400 IU's or less had inadequate vitamin D levels compared to 45 percent of those whose intake was 400 IU's or greater. Lower levels were also associated with the lack of physician counseling regarding the importance of vitamin D in bone health.

The results of this study emphasize the need for greater education of the public and physicians regarding the significance of vitamin D status in the care of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 Jun;90(6):3215-24

Supplements reduce health care costs

2007-04-12T19:50:00.000-07:00

With health care costs skyrocketing and the age of the population increasing, helping seniors live independently for longer is becoming increasingly important. A recent comprehensive review of existing scientific research literature found positive health effects associated with both omega-3 fatty acids and the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Based on health insurance costs for the age group over 65, the five-year estimated savings resulting from daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids and lutein with zeaxanthin is approximately 5.6 billion dollars.

A recent comprehensive review of existing scientific research literature found positive health effects associated with both omega-3 fatty acids and the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Researchers critically reviewed the scientific evidence of the two supplements' ability to reduce the risk of disease and developed estimates of potential health care savings. With health care costs skyrocketing and the age of the population increasing, helping seniors live independently for longer is becoming increasingly important.

The group reviewed several hundred studies dating back over thirty years to arrive at an estimated cost savings of 3.1 billion dollars over the next five years with the daily use of omega-3 fatty acids. They estimated that the reduction in coronary heart disease in the elderly population would result in 384,303 fewer hospitalizations and physician fees.

Loss of central vision caused by age-related macular degeneration results in numerous elderly becoming dependent on the community or a nursing facility. The researchers used over 15 years of research on lutein and zeaxanthin to estimate a potential net savings of 2.5 billion dollars over the next five years. Approximately 98,219 individuals could avoid the transition to dependence during this time through daily intake of 6-10 mg of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Based on health insurance costs for the age group over 65, the five-year estimated savings resulting from daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids and lutein with zeaxanthin is approximately 5.6 billion dollars.

http://www.supplementinfo.org/anm/articlefiles/265- FINAL_DSEA_%20FACT_SHEET.pdf

High fiber intake reduces C-Reactive Protein

2007-04-04T19:48:00.000-07:00

According to new research published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, high fiber intake, either from dietary sources or fiber supplements, significantly reduced levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Increased CRP levels are associated with inflammation, heart disease and diabetes. The present study provides evidence to support the health benefits of high-fiber diets.

The randomized crossover study included 35 participants who were assigned to follow either a high-fiber diet or a fiber-supplemented diet. Both diets included 30 grams of fiber per day. Eighteen of the subjects were lean and with normal blood pressure and 17 were obese with elevated blood pressure.

Overall, average CRP levels decreased by 13.7 percent in the high-fiber diet group and by 18.1 percent for the fiber-supplemented diet group. Unexpectedly, when the lean and the obese participants were considered separately, differences in the CRP response were observed. In lean individuals, CRP levels decreased by 30 percent when consuming the high-fiber diet and 40 percent when consuming the fiber-supplemented diet. In the obese participants, no significant change in CRP levels was observed for either diet.

Although more research is needed to explain the different effects seen in the lean versus obese individuals, the present study supports the assertion that high-fiber intakes are beneficial in reducing the risks of heart disease and diabetes.

Archives of Internal Medicine March 12 2007, Volume 167, Pages 502-506

Canadian study indicates that quality of nutritional supplements is still a concern

2007-03-29T19:46:00.000-07:00

In a recent study, researchers discovered that more than half of the nutritional supplements tested did not disintegrate properly. Included in the test were 39 tablets and 10 capsules containing minerals and vitamins commercially available on the Canadian market. USANA's Multimineral was included in the test. The first disintegration stage was performed using Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 for 20 minutes. Products which did not disintegrate were further analyzed using USP disintegration conditions for dietary supplements. Of the 39 tablets tested, only 18 products (which included Usana's Multimineral) disintegrated fully at the first stage. The 21 tablets that did not pass the first stage were then tested for disintegration using USP conditions. Nine tablets still failed to disintegrate, including all three timed-release products tested. Forty-percent of the capsules also failed the first stage, although all ten eventually passed when subjected to USP testing conditions.

This study illustrates that disintegration, one basic indicator of product quality, is still a concern for dietary supplements.

J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci (www.cspsCanada.org) 9(1):40-49, 2006
http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9 (1)/Loebenberg.R/tablets.pdf

Zinc supplements decrease incidence of infections in the elderly

2007-03-21T11:11:00.000-07:00

Elderly adults are increasingly susceptible to infections, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction. According to new research, supplementing with zinc for one year decreased the incidence of infections and lowered markers of oxidative stress in a group of adults aged 55-87 years.

Adults over the age of 55 years are more susceptible to infections, immune dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and zinc deficiency. Since zinc has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, new research sought to determine the effect of zinc on the incidence of total infections in the elderly.

Researchers also tested the effect of zinc on markers of oxidative stress. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc supplementation was conducted in 50 healthy subjects of both sexes aged 55-87 years. The zinc- supplemented group received 45 mg of zinc orally for 12 months. Incidence of infections during the supplementation period was documented. Plasma zinc concentrations and markers of oxidative stress were measured at the beginning and after supplementation.

After zinc supplementation, the incidence of infections was significantly lower, plasma zinc was significantly higher, and generation of oxidative stress markers was significantly lower in the zinc-supplemented than in the placebo group.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 3, 837-844, March 2007

Vitamin D deficiencies widespread among pregnant women and infants despite prenatal vitamin usage

2007-03-14T11:07:00.000-07:00

Vitamin D deficiency early in life is associated with rickets, a disorder characterized by soft bones. New research has shown that despite taking a prenatal vitamin, vitamin D deficiency is very common in pregnant women and newborn infants. Higher-dose supplementation and increased sun exposure is needed to improve maternal and infant vitamin D status.

Even among those taking prenatal multivitamin supplements, vitamin D levels were found to be insufficient or deficient in pregnant women, particularly in African-American women and women living in northern regions, according to new research published in the Journal of Nutrition. Researchers took blood samples from 400 pregnant women - 200 black women and 200 white women - before 22 weeks gestation and again after delivery.

More than 80% of African American women and nearly half of white women tested at delivery had levels of vitamin D that were insufficient, even though more than 90% of them used prenatal vitamins during pregnancy.

In addition, umbilical cord blood from newborns showed 92.4% of African American babies and 66.1% of white infants had insufficient vitamin D levels at birth, leaving them at risk for rickets and other health problems. A newborn relies completely on its mother for its vitamin D stores.

These results suggest that black and white pregnant women and newborns residing in the northern US are at high risk of vitamin D insufficiency, even when mothers regularly take prenatal vitamins. Higher-dose supplementation is needed to improve maternal and infant vitamin D status.

J. Nutr. 137:447-452, February 2007

Higher Antioxidant Intakes Reduce Risk of Lung Cancer in Male Smokers

2007-03-07T11:05:00.000-08:00

Research in the 1990's seemed to indicate that beta-carotene supplements may increase lung cancer risk in smokers. However, a new analysis of dietary records from one of these studies led researchers to a different conclusion. Male smokers with the highest overall antioxidant intake, including beta-carotene, actually had a reduced risk of lung cancer.

In observational studies, a high intake of individual antioxidants was related to increased lung cancer risk in male smokers. However, data from many experiments suggest that there are interactions among antioxidant nutrients; therefore, consideration of multiple antioxidants simultaneously may be important in terms of assessing risk.

Yale University researchers evaluated dietary records of participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC). A group of over 27,000 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 had food records analyzed along with intakes of carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C. After evaluating the overall intake of antioxidants in this group, the conclusion differs somewhat from the original study.

According to this new analysis, the men with higher overall intakes of antioxidants had lower relative risks of lung cancer, regardless of their assigned study group (beta-carotene or placebo). While researchers of the ATBC study concluded that high-dose beta-carotene supplementation may increase lung cancer risk in male smokers, these findings support the hypothesis that a combination of dietary antioxidants reduces lung cancer risk in men who smoke.

Am J Epidemiol 2004 Jul 1;160(1):68-76

JAMA Meta-analysis of Antioxidants - Flawed Data, Biased Analysis, and Inappropriate Conclusions

2007-03-02T10:59:00.000-08:00

Recent news stories sensationalizing the results of a new controversial study reported in the February 28, 2007 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) imply that antioxidants do not have health benefits, and in fact, may lead to increased mortality. In our analysis of this study, we see little or no evidence to support this conclusion.

It is important to understand that this current study is not a new clinical trial, but a statistical analysis determined from many studies (called a meta-analysis). Meta-analysis studies are actually designed to pool similar studies for statistical comparison. However for this meta-analysis, the authors combined studies that differed vastly in design, use rates, duration, and study population. After careful review, it appears that the authors simply analyzed data that fit a predetermined conclusion, which is an invalid use of a statistical method. This is a great example of improper statistical use in research methodology.

There is a large body of data including observational studies, prospective epidemiological studies and randomized clinical studies that have shown positive benefits of antioxidant supplementation (including reduced cardiovascular disease, some cancers, immune support and reduced progression of eye disease). Interestingly, these studies were excluded from the analysis. And while the initial analysis examined 1201 research papers from 815 trials, only 68 trials were actually used in the final analysis.

Furthermore, when the initial results from this data did not show any effect on death rates, the authors removed an additional 21 studies (called a sub analysis) to draw their conclusion that supplements increase risk of mortality. Interestingly, in these 47 remaining studies, the doses used greatly exceeded normal use rates, and in many cases, were well above tolerable upper intake limits (UL) (i.e. they used doses that may not be safe). In contrast, the studies eliminated from this study generally used doses that did not exceed the UL and were more in line with actual use rates.

Finally, the majority of the studies examined are secondary prevention studies. That is, the study populations had already been diagnosed with diseases such as heart disease and cancers. This is a very risky population to study, and conclusions from these studies should not be used to make recommendations for prevention in generally health populations.

We are not the only ones who have criticized these results. Several scientific organizations and other researchers have already published criticisms of this paper. Professor Balz Frei director of the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University stated:

"This is a flawed analysis of flawed data, and it does little to help us understand the real health effects of antioxidants, whether beneficial or otherwise. Instead of causing harm, the totality of the evidence indicates that antioxidants from foods or supplements have many health benefits, including reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer, eye disease and neurodegenerative disease. In addition, they are a key to an enhanced immune system and resistance to infection. The "meta-analysis" published in JAMA, which is a statistical analysis of previously published data, looked at 815 antioxidant trials but included only 68 of them in its analysis. And two of the studies excluded " which were published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute and the prominent British medical journal Lancet " found substantial benefits and reduced mortality from intake of antioxidant supplements."

"If these two large studies had been included, none of the reported effects on increased mortality would have been significant, with the exception of the effects of beta carotene. And the research showing a higher incidence of lung cancer in smokers who take supplements of beta carotene or vitamin A is old news, that's been known for many years. Very high doses of vitamin A are known to have multiple adverse health effects."

"All the new study really demonstrates, is a bias toward identifying studies or research that show harm caused by antioxidants, and selective removal of research that shows benefits."

We don't know why the authors chose to evaluate this small carefully selected group of studies, or why they ignored the larger body of evidence published on the benefits of antioxidants. But it appears to be an obvious attempt to sensationalize incomplete data that serves no purpose other than to alarm a large portion of the supplement using population. We are not fooled by this report.

The full text of the Linus Pauling Institute press release can be found at:
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/2007/Feb07/vitaminstudy.html

Additional comments on the JAMA study can be found at the following links:

http://www.crnusa.org/PR07_JAMA_antioxidant_metaanalysis_022707.html

http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.as p?n=74582&m=1NIE228&c=cyqrgoymvgyorow

http://www.naturalproductsassoc.org/site/DocServer/Response_to_JAMA _Antioxidant_Study_2-27-07.pdf?docID=3201

High antioxidant levels are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis

2007-02-28T10:52:00.000-08:00

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth and is associated with an increased risk of stroke, type-2 diabetes, and heart disease. A new study reveals that increased serum antioxidant concentrations are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis, even in people who have never smoked.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the tissue surrounding the teeth which has been linked with an increased risk of stroke, type-2 diabetes, and heart disease. A new report published in the Journal of Nutrition revealed that higher serum antioxidant levels are associated with a reduction in the risk of periodontitis.

The current research examined data from 11,480 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), for whom periodontal measurements and serum levels of several antioxidants had been recorded. These antioxidants included alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, selenium, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamins A, C and E, and total antioxidant levels.

Mild periodentitis was found in 14% of the subjects and 5% had severe disease. Higher vitamin C and total antioxidant levels were associated with a lower incidence of periodontitis, especially with severe disease. Individuals whose vitamin C levels were in the top 20% of participants had a 39% lower risk of periodontitis than participants with the lowest intakes. For subjects who had never smoked, those with the highest intake of vitamin C experienced only half the risk of periodontitis compared to those with the lowest vitamin C levels.

Vitamin C has a role in collagen synthesis and maintenance of connective tissue, which may explain its benefit in protecting against periodontitis. In addition, it is known as a potent antioxidant that may also help reduce inflammation.

Journal of Nutrition Vol. 137, 657-664, March 2007.

Increased fiber intake protects against cardiovascular disease risk factors

2007-02-15T10:51:00.000-08:00

Increasing dietary fiber intake to at least 25 grams per day from varied sources provides a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease. Researchers presumed that fiber intakes of 30-35 grams per day would likely provide an even greater protective effect.

Increased dietary fiber intake is associated with reduced levels of a number of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The results of a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition add to a growing body of evidence linking higher dietary fiber intake with a lower risk of heart disease. Nearly 6,000 men and women were selected from participants in an ongoing trial designed to evaluate the effect of antioxidants on cancer and heart disease incidence over an eight year period.

The highest total of insoluble dietary fiber intakes were associated with reductions in the risks of overweight and elevated waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and homocysteine. Fiber from cereals was associated with a lower body mass index, blood pressure, and homocysteine concentration; fiber from vegetables with a lower blood pressure and homocysteine concentration; and fiber from fruit with a lower waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure. Fiber from dried fruit or nuts and seeds was associated with a lower body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and glucose concentrations.

The findings of this study illustrate the significance of increasing fiber intake from various dietary sources. The results also indicate that 25 grams total dietary fiber per day is the minimum intake required to attain a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease, and that total dietary fiber intakes of 30-35 grams/day will likely provide an even greater protective effect.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, No. 6, 1185-1194, December 2005

Calcium and vitamin D enhance heart health benefits of weight loss

2007-02-08T10:47:00.000-08:00

Weight loss and reduced waist circumference are related to an improvement in heart health and factors related to metabolic syndrome. According to a new study, supplementing with calcium and vitamin D during weight loss enhances heart health benefits in women with typically low calcium intake.

Recent research has shown that overweight individuals with low calcium and dairy consumption are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The findings suggest that adequate calcium intake could create a healthier metabolic profile similar to a balanced diet and regular exercise.

In a new study, researchers investigated this issue by testing cardiovascular benefits of long-term calcium supplementation in women with usual low calcium intake. Healthy, overweight or obese women with a daily calcium intake of less than 800 mg/day were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: the group consuming 2 tablets/day of a calcium + vitamin D supplement (600 mg elemental calcium and 200 IU vitamin D/tablet) or the group consuming placebo. Both groups completed a 15-week reduced calorie weight-loss program.

Significant decreases in LDL cholesterol levels, as well as the ratios of Total to LDL and LDL to HDL were seen the calcium +D group. These changes were independent of the changes due to fat loss and reduced waist circumference. A tendency for more beneficial changes in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol was also observed in the calcium +D group.

This was the first study to show that consumption of calcium +D during weight-loss enhances the beneficial effect of body weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women with typically low calcium intake.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 1, 54-59, January 2007

Lifestyle improvements are as effective as medications in reducing diabetes risk

2007-02-02T10:45:00.000-08:00

Lifestyle changes appear to be at least as effective as medications in delaying or preventing type 2 diabetes among adults with impaired glucose tolerance, and are associated with significantly fewer side effects according to a new report published in the British Medical Journal.

The increase in obesity and decrease in physical activity in Westernized societies are strongly linked with the increase in prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes. People with impaired glucose tolerance have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and many trials have focused on such individuals. Various treatment methods have been utilized in research, including pharmacological (medications), lifestyle and herbal remedies.

A recent meta-analysis published in the British Medical Journal consolidated the evidence from 17 clinical trials that studied the effects of lifestyle, drugs and other methods on men and women with impaired glucose tolerance. Results showed that intervention can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals, and lifestyle changes seem to be at least as effective as drug therapy. Compared to individuals who received standard advice only, the effect of lifestyle changes resulted in a 49 percent reduction in the risk of developing diabetes. Exercise alone or exercise combined with a healthier diet was more effective than diet alone. Oral diabetic medications were also effective in delaying or preventing diabetes, but were not as effective as lifestyle changes. Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, was also effective in reducing risk when compared to control groups.

Although both medications and lifestyle changes were effective in reducing the risk of diabetes, diet and exercise were associated with considerably fewer adverse effects than those caused by pharmaceuticals, which were typically gastrointestinal effects and reduced liver function. Since it is fundamentally a lifestyle issue, the authors had concerns about the practice of treatment with a lifelong course of medication, especially since even minor adverse effects become more significant if a medication is to be taken for life. But they also noted that compliance is generally the key when it comes to lifestyle interventions, so strategies to improve compliance need to be enhanced and put into action.

BMJ. 2007 Jan 19; [Epub ahead of print]

Meal Replacements Drinks Effective for Weight Maintenance

2007-01-19T10:43:00.000-08:00

The most difficult part of any weight loss program is not losing the weight, but keeping it off. As a result, many people opt for a medication like Orlistat. Results from a new study now show that meal replacement drinks can be as effective at helping dieters maintain weight than medications. Researchers compared the benefit of using meal replacement drinks to Orlistat in two groups of people that had lost significant amounts of weight. A year after their weight loss, the group using meal replacement drinks had maintained weight even better than the group using the medication. For many people, meal replacements drinks may be an effective, simple and safe method to maintaining a healthy weight.

Meal replacement drinks have been shown to be as effective as medications for maintaining weight loss according to a study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

Participants followed a liquid very low calorie diet (VLCD) for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of re-introduction to solid food. At week 16, the subjects were randomly selected to receive either meal replacements or Orlistat (medication), both combined with a structured meal plan calculated to maintain weight loss. For one year, all subjects followed a weight management program that included topics such as lifestyle, physical activity, and nutrition.

During the VLCD, the meal replacement group lost an average of 50.2 lbs and the Orlistat group lost an average of 49 lbs. During weight maintenance, there were no significant differences in physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake and pedometer steps between the groups. After one year, the meal replacement group had regained only 5.9 lbs and the Orlistat group had regained 6.2 lbs.

Meal replacements and Orlistat were both effective in maintaining weight significantly below baseline levels over a year period of time.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 24, No. 5, 347-353 (2005).

Comparison of four diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction

2007-01-12T10:41:00.000-08:00

Although many dietary methods can lead to weight loss, a recent study found that high carbohydrate diets with a low glycemic index may be the ideal for weight loss and reduction of cardiovascular risk factors.

A recent study compared the relative effects of several diet methods on weight loss and cardiovascular risk. A total of 129 overweight or obese young adults were assigned to 1 of 4 reduced-fat, high-fiber diets for 12 weeks. Diets 1 and 2 were high carbohydrate (55% of total calories), with diet 1 carbohydrates being high-glycemic and diet 2 being low-glycemic. Diets 3 and 4 were high protein (25% of total calories), with high and low glycemic index carbohydrates respectively. The glycemic load was the highest in diet 1 and the lowest in diet 4. Changes in body composition and blood chemistries were then studied. The average weight loss from each group was similar, but those on diets 2 and 3 lost approximately 80% more fat mass than those on diet 1. LDL cholesterol levels declined significantly in diet group 2, but increased in diet group 3. Therefore, both high-protein and low-GI diets increase body fat loss, but cardiovascular risk reduction is enhanced by a high-carbohydrate, low-GI diet (diet 2).

Arch Intern Med 2006 Jul 24;166(14):1466-75

Higher levels of vitamin D reduce the risk of multiple sclerosis

2006-12-28T10:40:00.000-08:00

People with higher circulating vitamin D levels are significantly less likely to develop multiple sclerosis, according to a new study by Harvard researchers.

The RDA for vitamin D was recently increased in the elderly to 600 IU per day. Many reports and most experts suggest levels between 600-1,000 IU per day, especially for those in northern climates or with poor sunlight exposure. Typical dietary intake is between 100-200 IU per day.

A report published in the December 20, 2006 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that having a higher serum level of vitamin D is associated with a lower risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) among men and women. The finding adds to those of previous studies that suggest that the vitamin may have a protective effect against the disease.

Harvard researchers studied more than 250 individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis between 1992 and 2004. The team determined that for every 50 nanomole per liter increase in serum vitamin D among white participants there was a 41 percent decrease in the risk of MS. Whites in the top one-fifth of serum vitamin D concentrations had the lowest risk of the disease, and those in the lowest fifth had the greatest risk. Those with the highest vitamin D levels experienced a 62 percent lower risk of MS compared to those in the group with the lowest levels.

The results of this study suggest that high circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with a lower risk of multiple sclerosis.

JAMA. 2006;296:2832-2838.

Inadequate vitamin levels may result in poor athletic performance

2006-12-13T10:37:00.000-08:00

Active individuals with low Vitamin B intakes in may perform worse in high-intensity exercise and have a decreased ability to build and repair muscle. National B-Vitamin recommendations may be too low for active individuals. Athletes with poor or restricted diets should consider and multivitamin supplement.

Active individuals lacking in B-vitamins may perform worse during high- intensity exercise and have a reduced ability to repair and build muscle than individuals with nutrient-rich diets.

These B vitamins, which include thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, B12 and folate, are necessary for the body to convert proteins and sugars into energy, and are used during the production and repair of cells, including red blood cells.

Researchers analyzed the diet and athletic performance of several elite and collegiate athletes, as well as less competitive individuals. Even a marginal deficiency in these nutrients negatively influenced their body's ability to repair itself, operate efficiently and fight disease. Exercise induced stress, the changes in body tissues resulting from training, increased loss of nutrients in sweat, urine and feces, and the additional nutrients needed to repair and maintain higher levels of lean tissue mass may all affect an individual's B-vitamin requirements.

The researchers noted that current national B-vitamin recommendations for active individuals may be inadequate, and that chronic deficiencies could jeopardize their abilities and long-term health. Athletes and individuals with poor and restricted diets should consider a multivitamin and multimineral supplement to ensure adequacy.

Kathleen Woolf; Melinda M. Manore Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006(16) 5.

Safety of Multivitamins and Antioxidants

2006-12-06T10:33:00.000-08:00

Nutritional supplements have been widely used and highly valued by American consumers ever since vitamins were discovered and commercialized, beginning in the early decades of the 1900's. According to recent national health survey, as many as 78 million Americans adults use multivitamins on a regular basis.

Multivitamin/mineral supplements are an effective means of delivering adequate amounts of most essential nutrients to help people achieve recommended intakes. The great majority of dietary supplements, including multivitamins, are safe for regular use. Despite widespread usage, there have been no specific published reports of toxicity or adverse effects associated with the use of multivitamins.

A series of well-publicized clinical trials conducted in diseased patients utilizing relatively high doses of single nutrients or combinations of nutrients (such as vitamin E and/or beta-carotene), have yielded disappointing results, and even suggested the presence of harm. However, those trials were conducted in patients with serious illnesses (ie. cancer or cardiovascular disease) who were on multiple medications or who were current heavy smokers. The results of these trials should be placed in context and are not applicable to the generally healthy population.

Advanced levels of antioxidants are a common thread among nearly every population that is less prone to premature chronic degenerative disease. The Japanese have high levels of fruit, vegetables, green tea and soy as part of their traditional diet. Vegetarians have lower levels of heart disease and cancer, compared to the typical mixed diet, likely in part due to higher intakes of antioxidants. While high levels of single nutrients and foods may pose a risk of danger and toxicity, there is no known unsafe intake level of total antioxidants in normally healthy individuals.

Health Benefits of Antioxidants

2006-11-29T10:28:00.000-08:00

Plentiful intakes of antioxidants have been associated with reduced risk of some chronic diseases, in the same way that generous intakes of fruits, vegetables and grains have been associated with similar health benefits.

Some examples of scientific evidence are the following:

Cancer

People with high beta-carotene intakes have about one-third the cancer risk as people with low beta-carotene intakes. Peto R. Cancer Surveys 1983;2:327-340.
People with higher intakes of vitamin C have about half the risk for many types of cancer, compared to people with low vitamin C intakes. Block G. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:270S-282S.
People with low intakes of several antioxidants have more DNA damage than people with generous intakes. Ames BN. Metat Res 2001;475:7-20.
People with the highest intakes of vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene have a significantly lower risk of lung cancer. Yong LC et al. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:231-43.
Men who took vitamin E supplements for 10 years or more had a 30% lower risk of bladder cancer. Michaud DS et al. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:1145-53.
There are over 66 studies showing cancer-prevention activity of green tea, black tea, and their constituents. These include cancer reduction in the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, bladder, small intestine, colon and prostate. Lambert JD et al. Am J Clin Nutr 05;81:284S- 291S.

Heart Disease

Elderly people who took dietary supplements of both vitamin C and vitamin E had a decreased risk of death from heart disease as well as overall mortality. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:190- 196.
Men who took vitamin supplements had a 70% lower risk of dying from heart disease and a 50% lower risk of a heart attack. Meyer F, Bairati I, Dagenasis GR. Can J Cardiol 1996;12:930-934.
In the Nurses' Health Study involving over 87,000 women, there was a 41% reduction in risk of heart disease for those who took vitamin E for more than two years. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1444-1449.
In the Nurses' Health Study vitamin C supplements were also related to a lower risk of heart disease. Osganian SK et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:246-52.
In the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study involving almost 40,000 men, there was a 37% reduction in risk of heart disease in men who took vitamin E for more than two years. The average intake in the lowest risk group was 400 IU per day. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Ascherio A, et al. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1450-1456.
To date, 17 human group studies have been published on flavonoid intake and the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Positive studies have shown reduction in mortality risk of up to 65%. Arts ICW and Hollman PCH. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:317S-325S.
The largest and longest study to date, done as part of the Harvard- based Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, included almost 110,000 men and women whose health and dietary habits were followed for 14 years. The higher the average daily intake of fruits and vegetables, the lower the chances of developing cardiovascular disease. Compared with those in the lowest category of fruit and vegetable intake (less than 1.5 servings a day), those who averaged 8 or more servings a day were 30% less likely to have had a heart attack or stroke. Joshipura KJ, et al. Ann Intern Med 2001 Jun 19;134(12):1106-14.

Other Chronic Diseases

Several long-term studies have shown a reduced risk of cataracts in those who have taken vitamin C and/or Vitamin E for more than 10 years. Jacques PF et al. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1009-19.
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) at NIH found that daily supplementation with antioxidants, zinc, and copper delayed progression of age- related macular degeneration. AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36.
Research has shown a significant relationship between flavonoid intakes and the occurrence of asthma. Knekt P et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:560-8.
Other research suggests antioxidants may help support lung function and protect the lungs from oxidative damage. Schunemann HJ et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1246-55.
In a study on Alzheimer's disease, high levels of vitamin E delayed progression of the disease. Sano M et al. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216- 22.

Sources and Dietary Intakes

2006-11-22T10:25:00.000-08:00

Antioxidants can be vitamins, minerals, enzymes or plant derived nutrients called phytonutrients.

The major vitamin antioxidants are vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, while selenium is the major mineral antioxidant. Many researchers and nutritionists discuss and report on "antioxidants" as if these were the only sources of importance. A thorough examination of antioxidants and their importance to human health must include a much larger list of compounds that are present in healthy, varied diet. The following list is an example of the wide variety of phytonutrient antioxidants present in a healthy diet:

Phytochemical	Food Source
Allyl Sulfides	Onions, garlic, leeks, chives
Carotenoids (e.g. lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin)	Tomatoes, carrots, watermelon, kale, spinach
Curcumin	Turmeric
Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanadins, resveratrol, quercitin, catechins)	Grapes, blueberries, strawberries, cherries, apples, grapefruit, cranberries, raspberries, blackberries
Glutathione	Green leafy vegetables
Indoles	Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, bok choy
Isoflavones	Legumes (peas, soybeans)
Isothiocyanates (e.g. sulforaphane)	Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, bok choy
Lignans	Seeds (flax seeds, sunflower seeds)
Monoterpenes	Citrus fruit peels, cherries, nuts
Phytic Acid	Whole grains, legumes
Phenols, polyphenols, phenolic compounds (e.g. ellagic acid, ferrulic acid, tannins)	Grapes, blueberries, strawberries, cherries, grapefruit, cranberries, raspberries, blackberries, tea
Saponins	Beans, legumes

Recommendations by the National Cancer Institute, the U.S.D.A., other government agencies and nutrition experts are to eat a minimum of 5-13 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, depending on calorie needs. Based on these recommendations, a typical varied diet would provide approximately 200-600 mg of vitamin C and 10-20 mg (16,000-32,000 IU) of carotenoids.

Overall, polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet. Their total dietary intake could be as high as 1 gram/day in a mixed, varied diet of fruits, vegetables, grains, and beverages.

Possible intakes of other phytonutrient antioxidants would be anthocyandins "2 oz black grapes 1,500 mg; proanthocyanidins" 100-300 mg/d red wine; catechins "50 mg day" tea (one cup brewed green tea" 240-320 mg catechins), chocolate, apples, pears, grapes, red wine; isoflavones "50 mg/day from soy foods; chlorogenic acid" as high as 800 mg/day coffee drinkers.

Although it may seem reasonable that a consistently healthy and varied diet could provide high doses of antioxidants, the average American gets a total of just three servings of fruits and vegetables a day. The latest dietary guidelines call for five to thirteen servings of fruits and vegetables a day, depending on one's caloric intake. For a person who needs 2,000 calories a day to maintain weight and health, this translates into nine servings, or 4½ cups per day.

The 2001-2002 NHANES survey of dietary intakes shows that 93% of Americans fail to get even the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin E, let alone the RDA. More than half of adults fail to get even the average requirement for vitamin A. About one-third of non-smokers and two-thirds of smokers fall short on minimum vitamin C requirements.

If the governmental dietary recommendations are meant to be taken seriously, then it follows that it would be better for people to achieve recommended amounts of nutrients than to fall short. Obviously, since the average intake of 3 servings or less of fruits and vegetables fails to provide minimum levels of even basic vitamins, intakes of the numerous other antioxidants are sure to be well under optimal and beneficial levels.

It has been established that a good multivitamin can fill in gaps in missing vitamins, but availability of broad spectrum antioxidant supplements has lagged behind. Although there is much to be learned about the characteristics of the literally hundreds of dietary antioxidants, it seems reasonable that providing supplements of various antioxidant classes may fill in nutritional gaps and provide many of the benefits missing from the typical American diet.

Antioxidants - What are they?

2006-11-16T10:24:00.000-08:00

Oxidation is a natural process that happens to all cells in nature, including the cells in your body. Antioxidants provide an important defense against the daily assault of free radicals on healthy cells. This Essentials of Health four-part series will review the function, benefits, sources, and safety of dietary antioxidants.

Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction, like dominoes. Their chief danger comes from the damage they can do when they react with important cellular components such as DNA, or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs. To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidants.

Antioxidants are molecules that can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital tissues and cells are damaged. Although there are several enzyme systems within the body that scavenge free radicals, the principle micronutrient (vitamin/mineral) antioxidants are vitamin E, beta-carotene, vitamin C and selenium. The body cannot manufacture these micronutrients so they must be supplied in the diet. In addition, there are literally hundreds of plant derived nutrients (phytonutrients) that act as important antioxidants in the diet.

It is impossible to avoid damage by free radicals. Free radicals arise from sources both inside (endogenous) and outside (exogenous) our bodies. Oxidants that develop from processes within our bodies form as a result of normal breathing, metabolism, and inflammation. Exogenous free radicals form from environmental factors such as pollution, sunlight, strenuous exercise, X-rays, smoking and alcohol. Our antioxidant systems are not perfect, so as we age, cell parts damaged by oxidation accumulate.

Antioxidants block prostate cancer

2006-11-10T10:18:00.000-08:00

In experimental mice that naturally develop prostate cancer, supplementing with antioxidants vitamin E, lycopene and selenium effectively blocks the development or progression of prostate cancer.

According to a study published in the journal Cancer Research, dietary antioxidants (vitamin E, selenium, and lycopene) inhibited prostate cancer development in a group of mice that naturally develop prostate cancer. The prostate cancer disease process in these mice is similar to the human process in many respects, providing a good research model for the natural history of human prostate cancer.

Treatment of animals with the antioxidants resulted in a 4-fold reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer compared with the untreated animals. Prostate cancer developed in 73.68% (14 of 19) and 100% (19 of 19) of the animals from the standard and high fat diet, respectively.

In contrast, tumors developed in only 10.53% (2 of 19) and 15.79% (3 of 19) of the animals in the standard and high fat diets supplemented with antioxidants.

These observations support results from a growing body of research indicating a significant protective benefit of antioxidants on the development of prostate cancer.

Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 15;64(16):5891-6.

Americans Know What They're Missing in Their Diets-New Public Opinion Survey Explores Nutrition Gap

2006-11-03T10:15:00.000-08:00

Effective health promotion includes regular exercise, having annual medical checkups, quitting smoking, eating more fruits, vegetables and whole grains-and taking a multivitamin," said Cynthia Thomson, Ph.D., R.D., a clinical nutrition research specialist at the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Arizona.

To read the results of the survey, click on the following link:
http://www.crnusa.org/PR06_CRN_NutritionSurvey071306.html

Folate intake still below recommendations despite fortification

2006-10-26T10:35:00.000-07:00

Despite significant improvements in public health measures to increase folate intakes through fortification of grain products, dietary intakes still fall well below recommendations. Regular use of a multivitamin supplement containing folic acid is an easy way to ensure that you receive an adequate intake.

Folate is found in foods such as green leafy vegetables, chick peas and lentils, and it is increasingly accepted that folate deficiency in early pregnancy is linked to a risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly in infants. This connection led to the introduction of public health measures in the US and Canada, whereby all grain products are fortified with folic acid " the synthetic, bioavailable form of folate.

A new study, published in October's American Journal of Public Health, concluded that since fortification was implemented folic acid intake has in fact increased, but not nearly enough to meet FDA goals and recommendations. Even with significant improvements and widespread fortification, only 39 percent of white women, 26 percent of black women, and 28 percent of Mexican American women attained the 400 microgram per day target for folate consumption. In addition, over half the subgroups showed a decrease in folic acid intake since fortification began in 1998.

The FDA recommends at least 400 micrograms of folate daily for nonpregnant women, and adult men, as well as children four and older. However, the daily recommendation for pregnant women increases to at least 800 micrograms per day. Despite the fact that recent surveys show that the majority of women know the importance of folic acid, daily folic acid supplementation appears to be critical since dietary intakes still fall well below recommendations.

Population-Level Changes in Folate Intake by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity after Folic Acid Fortification. American Journal of Public Health. October, 2006.

Mediterranean-style diet cuts risk of Alzheimer's disease by 68 percent

2006-10-12T08:21:00.000-07:00

New research indicates that the Mediterranean diet rich in antioxidants and polyphenols reduce oxidative stress and protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease.

The Mediterranean diet, rich in cereals, wine, fruits, nuts, legumes and whole grains, fish and olive oil, has been linked to lower incidence of heart disease, protection against some cancers, and a longer life. The diet's main nutritional components include beta-carotene, vitamin C, tocopherols, polyphenols and essential minerals. A new study published on-line in the Archives of Neurology indicates that it is these antioxidants and polyphenols that appear to offer protection, not simply an improvement in heart health.

After adjusting the results for age, education, BMI, smoking status, and ethnicity, the researchers reported that people with the highest adherence to a model Mediterranean diet were associated with a 60 percent lower risk of Alzheimer's disease, compared to people with the lowest adherence to the diet.

When the researchers took into account general heart health, such as history of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and cholesterol, the associations for the high adherence group grew stronger, with an associated risk reduction of 68 percent.

These results indicate that the protection gained by following a Mediterranean-type diet is not a result of the cardiovascular factors, and it may be more related to factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress. The researchers noted that the Mediterranean diet contains high levels of important antioxidants and polyphenols, and it could be the combination of these various dietary compounds that could partially explain the reduced risk of Alzheimer's Disease.

The study follows another study by the same researchers, published earlier this year in the Annals of Neurology (Vol. 59, pp. 912 - 921), in which elderly individuals whose diet closely resembled the Mediterranean diet had a 40 percent lower risk of Alzheimer's than those who followed the diet the least.

Fish oil supplements may reduce heart disease risk more effectively than statin drugs

2006-09-29T08:17:00.000-07:00

A large research review showed that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil were more effective than statin drugs in reducing the risk of death from heart disease.

A large research review published in the April 11, 2005 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine analyzed the effects of various dietary and drug regimens on overall mortality and mortality from coronary heart disease. Researchers reviewed 97 clinical trials that, in total, included 275,000 men and women. This analysis evaluated the risk of death as a function of diet, the use of lipid lowering drugs, intakes of omega-3 fatty acids (commonly found in fish and fish oil supplements, and intakes of the B vitamin niacin.

Statins (a class of lipid lowering drugs) and omega-3 fatty acids significantly lowered both overall mortality and death due to heart disease during the trial periods. When compared to controls, overall mortality risk was reduced 13% by statin drugs and 23% by omega-3 fatty acids. When the risk of death from heart disease alone was examined, statin drugs and omega-3 fatty acids lowered mortality by 22% and 32%, respectively.

Omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce cholesterol levels significantly. As such, researchers suggested that their benefits may have been due to protection against heart arrhythmias and systemic inflammation.

Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:725-730

Beneficial effects of magnesium are similar to statin drugs

2006-09-21T08:03:00.000-07:00

Because of its many cardiovascular benefits and good safety profile, many researchers suggest that magnesium supplementation could be a viable alternative for those who cannot or choose not to take statin drugs.

Statins are a class of drugs commonly prescribed for individuals with elevated cholesterol levels, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While statins are effective, they also carry undesirable side-effects, and some people cannot, or choose not to use them.

A review published in the October 2004 issue of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition found that the essential nutrient magnesium provides many of the same cardiovascular benefits ascribed to statin drugs.

The authors noted that both statin drugs and magnesium can inactivate the enzyme responsible for the first step in cholesterol formation, thus lowering LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. Both can improve the function of blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and provide other cardiovascular benefits. Magnesium, however, can also help elevate beneficial HDL cholesterol levels while reducing triglycerides. In addition, magnesium is necessary for the enzyme that converts essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) into compounds that reduce inflammation. Optimal levels of magnesium also provide natural calcium channel blocker activity, which helps dilate blood vessels and control blood pressure.

Because of its many cardiovascular benefits, relatively low cost, and good safety profile, the authors suggested that increasing magnesium intakes through diet and supplementation could provide a viable alternative for those who cannot, or choose not to take statin drugs.

Note: If you are currently taking a statin drug to lower cholesterol, do not discontinue its use except on the advice of your physician. This information is not meant to imply that magnesium supplements should replace all statin drugs. However, adequate magnesium is very important for cardiovascular health, especially for those at risk for coronary artery disease.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 5, 501S-505S (2004)

Long-term vitamin use slows cataract development

2006-09-07T08:00:00.000-07:00

Long-term use of vitamin E supplements and advanced B vitamin intakes may help to preserve clear vision by protecting against cataracts.

A study published in the April 2005 issue of the Archives of Opthalmology found that ten years or more of supplementation with vitamin E significantly retarded cataract progression. Two B vitamins, thiamin and riboflavin, were also related to reduced cataract development.

Earlier research conducted by these scientists revealed a similar protective benefit for vitamin C and omega 3 fatty acids.

The results of these studies provide added support for a relationship between nutrition and cataract development. Although questions remain regarding the exact nature of this connection, the evidence is strong that optimal nutrition, achieved through a combination of diet and supplementation over the long-term, can help preserve clear vision and enhance the quality of life for many people.

Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:517-526

Vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of ALS

2006-08-25T07:59:00.000-07:00

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease causes degeneration and death of nerve cells. Harvard researchers found that people who used vitamin E supplements for over ten years experienced less than half the risk of dying of ALS than those who did not use vitamin E supplements.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is more commonly known as "Lou Gehrig's Disease". ALS is a progressive disease that causes degeneration of some of the largest of all nerve cells, called motor neurons. The disease causes the motor neurons to degenerate and eventually die. New research has found an association between the use of vitamin E supplements and a lower incidence of this degenerative disease.

Researchers from Harvard School of Public Health followed 957,740 participants in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II for ten years. A follow-up of 170,000 subjects in 1992 showed that people who used vitamin E supplements for over ten years experienced less than half the risk of dying of ALS than those who did not report using vitamin E supplements.

Although vitamin E was the only nutrient examined that was associated with a lower risk of ALS, it is not possible to rule out interactions with other nutrients or factors, since people who use vitamin E also tend to use other supplements and may share other healthy lifestyle habits.

Ann Neurol 2005 Jan;57(1):104-10

Supplemental magnesium intake may be associated with reduced heart disease risk

2006-08-16T07:56:00.000-07:00

Most Americans consume inadequate levels of magnesium and these suboptimal intakes of magnesium may contribute to an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Current dietary guidelines recommend a minimum magnesium intake of 310-420 mg per day to maintain health and reduce cardiovascular risk. Typical U.S. adults fall short on dietary intake of this important mineral, as more than two-thirds (68%) are not meeting these minimum recommendations. Even worse, 19% of adults are consuming less than 50% of the RDA.

Researchers have recently determined that dietary magnesium consumption is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation. An increased CRP level, is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

In a large sample of normally healthy U.S. adults, it was determined that those who consumed less than the RDA of magnesium were 48%-75% more likely to have elevated CRP levels than adults who consumed levels higher than the RDA. Overweight adults over age 40 consuming less than 50% RDA for magnesium were more than twice as likely to have elevated CRP as adults getting more than the RDA.

Given the above, Researchers have concluded that inadequate intakes of magnesium may be contributing to cardiovascular disease incidence.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 24, No. 3, 166- 171 (2005).

Multivitamin use lowers preeclampsia risk

2006-08-09T07:54:00.000-07:00

High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia) can result in serious complications for the mother and child. Results from a new study show that regular use of a multivitamin supplement in the months before and during pregnancy may reduce the risk of preeclampsia by as much as 71%.

Lean women who used multivitamins before and during their pregnancies reduced the risk of preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by elevated blood pressure, swelling of the extremities and protein in the urine. If untreated, the condition can progress to eclampsia, which can lead to seizures, coma, and the death of the mother or child.

The study involved 1,835 pregnant women enrolled in the Pregnancy Exposures and Preeclampsia Prevention Study. All women were at less than 16 weeks' gestation and were asked whether they regularly used multivitamins or prenatal vitamins in the past six months. Women that reported using a multivitamin or prenatal during the previous six months had a 45 percent lower risk of preeclampsia than non-users. The reduction in risk was more significant among lean women. When lean women were analyzed separately, those who used multivitamins had a 71 percent lower risk of preeclampsia than nonusers.

These results suggest that regular use of a multivitamin supplement in the months before and during pregnancy may help to prevent preeclampsia, particularly among lean women.

Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Jun 13; [Epub ahead of print]

Multivitamins protect against B1 deficiency and may decrease severity of congestive heart failure

2006-08-03T07:52:00.000-07:00

More than one-third of heart patients hospitalized for heart failure are deficient in thiamin (vitamin B1). Regular use of a multivitamin can protect against thiamin deficiency and may reduce the severity of congestive heart failure.

It has been recently reported that approximately one out of three patients hospitalized with heart failure have deficient levels of thiamin, also known as vitamin B1. The cause and effect relationships are complex. Congestive heart failure patients may be at increased risk for thiamin deficiency due to increased urine thiamin excretion, disease severity, malnutrition, and advanced age. In turn, thiamin deficiency itself may worsen existing heart failure.

Researchers measured thiamin levels among 100 heart failure patients and compared them with measurements of 50 healthy subjects. They found a deficiency of the vitamin in 33 percent of the heart failure patients compared to 12 percent of those without the disease.

It has been observed that heart failure may increase the body's need for certain nutrients, so even individuals with healthy diets may still come up short on vitamin B1. Researchers noted that a relatively small dose of thiamin from a multivitamin was protective against developing thiamin deficiency and may decrease disease severity in those with congestive heart failure.

J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 47:354-361.

Supplemental vitamin D may reduce the risk of certain cancers

2006-07-26T07:49:00.000-07:00

Researchers suggest that improving vitamin D status could reduce cancer incidence and mortality. Since it is difficult to get adequate vitamin D from foods alone, scientists suggest that a vitamin supplement may help raise vitamin D intakes to protective levels.

A recent published report concluded that vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand premature cancer deaths annually.

The research team reviewed 63 studies on the relationship between vitamin D and certain types of cancer worldwide between 1966 and 2004. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer, especially in cancers of the colon, breast, prostate and ovary.

Vitamin D is found in milk, as well as in some fortified orange juice, yogurt and cheeses, usually at around 100 international units (I.U.) a serving. Researchers suggested that people might want to consider a vitamin supplement to raise their overall intake to 1,000 I.U.s per day.

Taking more vitamin D could be especially important for people living in northern areas, which receive less vitamin D from sunshine.

American Journal of Public Health, Vol 96, No. 2 252-261 February (2006).

High glycemic index diets increase the risk of chronic degenerative disease

2006-07-20T20:17:00.000-07:00

Long-term consumption of high-glycemic foods may increase oxidative stress and the risk of chronic degenerative diseases. Leading U.S. researchers recently concluded that a low-GI diet, not a low carbohydrate diet, appears to be beneficial in reducing the production of free radicals and oxidative stress.

Glycemic index (GI) is a measure of the rate that the carbohydrates in a food or meal are digested and appear in the blood as glucose (sugar). Glycemic load is a way of measuring the total carbohydrates in a meal or diet with a mathematical adjustment for GI. These measurements can be used to simultaneously describe the quality (glycemic index) and quantity of carbohydrate in a meal or diet.

Recent data suggest that the sudden rise in blood sugar associated with a high glycemic load may increase free radical production and the risk of oxidative damage. This increased production has been implicated in many disease processes including chronic heart disease, accelerated aging, and type 2 diabetes.

Investigators from several leading U.S. institutions recently investigated whether a diet with a high GI or GL is associated with greater oxidative stress by taking specific measurements in nearly 300 healthy adults.

Participants with a higher GI and GL diet were found to exhibit increases in oxidative stress when compared to those eating a diet lower in glycemic index and load.

Researchers concluded that chronic consumption of high-GI foods may lead to chronically high oxidative stress, increasing the risk for several degenerative diseases. A low-GI diet, not a low carbohydrate diet, appears to be beneficial in reducing oxidative stress.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 84, No. 1, 70-76, July 2006.

Soy isoflavone supplements decrease bone loss in postmenopausal women

2006-07-13T17:34:00.000-07:00

Soy isoflavone supplements reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women and may provide a more natural and safe alternative to long-term hormone replacement therapy.

Bone loss, and resulting osteoporosis, is a major health problem among postmenopausal women. But long-term hormone replacement therapy can have risky side effects in many women. In a search for safer alternatives, new research confirms that soy isoflavones can play an important role in reducing bone loss and decreasing the risk of osteoporosis. Chinese investigators assigned postmenopausal women to receive soy isoflavones at doses of either 84 mg, 126 mg, or a placebo for 6 months. After six months, bone mineral density of the hip and spine were higher in the groups of women taking the soy isoflavones compared to those not taking the supplement. Women taking the higher dosage experienced the greatest increase in density. In addition to other factors related to bone health, soy isoflavones may be a safe and natural alternative for women to help maintain bone health after menopause.

Eur J Nutr. 2006 Jun 8

Multivitamin Use Before Pregnancy Reduces Risk of Preterm Births

2006-06-29T17:26:00.000-07:00

Preterm birth is associated with many health risks as well as a lower rate of infant survival during the first year of life. Women who take a multivitamin before conception have only half the risk of preterm delivery than those who wait until after becoming pregnant to start taking nutritional supplements.

A study published in the November 2004 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology showed that the use of multivitamin supplements by women prior to becoming pregnant was associated with fewer preterm deliveries. Preterm birth is defined as birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation and is associated with a lower rate of infant survival during the first year of life.

Researchers utilized data from the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Study which recruited 2,010 women during their 24th to 29th week of pregnancy. They compared the incidence of preterm delivery among women who took multivitamins prior to conception, before conception and during pregnancy, during pregnancy only, or not at all.

Women who took a multivitamin supplement before conception had half the risk of early and late preterm delivery than those who took no vitamins. Women used multivitamins during pregnancy only had approximately the same amount of preterm births than women who took none at all.

This study, as well as many previous studies, reinforces the concern that waiting until pregnancy is diagnosed may be too late for nutritional intervention to benefit many pregnancy outcomes.

Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Nov 1;160(9):886-92.

Soy isoflavones from supplements and soymilk benefit the immune system of postmenopausal women

2006-06-23T17:29:00.000-07:00

The hormone estrogen has positive benefits on the immune system of women. During menopause, the effects of aging and diminishing concentrations of estrogen may negatively impact the immune system. Soy isoflavones have both estrogenic and antioxidant properties so they may be beneficial to women during this stage of life.

A recent study evaluated the effects of soy isoflavones, both in soymilk and supplement form, on immunity and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Results from this placebo-controlled double blind study showed that soy isoflavones from either the soymilk or supplements were beneficial. Isoflavones increased the population of B-cells, important cells in the immune system, and decreased the plasma concentration of a compound whose high levels are an indicator of DNA damage.

Soymilk and supplemental isoflavones may therefore be protective against DNA damage and improve immune function in postmenopausal women.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 5, 1118-1125, May 2006

Dietary Antioxidants Linked to Lower Macular Degeneration Risk

2006-06-14T17:31:00.000-07:00

High dietary intakes of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc may reduce the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the most common cause of permanent blindness in the developed world.

AMD is a retinal degenerative disease that causes progressive loss of central vision, and the most common cause of vision loss in individuals over the age of 55 in the developed world. Although it rarely causes total blindness, AMD destroys the central vision necessary for performing many of the daily tasks we take for granted such as: recognizing faces, colors, watching television, reading, driving, performing finely detailed work, and safely navigating stairs. The risk of developing macular degeneration increases with age. A report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association has found that individuals whose diets contain high amounts of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc have a significantly lower risk of developing AMD than people whose diets contain lower levels of the nutrients.

This study included 4,176 men and women at risk of AMD who were participants in the Rotterdam Study, which enrolled 7,983 men and women aged 55 or older. Nutrient intake was assessed via food frequency questionnaires completed by all subjects. Participants underwent eye examinations upon enrollment, and three times during the eight year follow-up. 560 subjects were diagnosed with new macular degeneration during the follow-up period. Participants with an above-median intake of all four nutrients including beta caroten e, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc, had a 35 percent reduced risk of AMD compared to those whose intake of any of the nutrients was below average.

This study suggests that the risk of developing AMD can be modified by diet; in particular, by the dietary antioxidants beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc.

JAMA 2005;294:3101-3107

Meal Replacements Effective as Medications for Weight Maintenance

2006-06-01T17:23:00.000-07:00

The most difficult part of any weight loss program is not losing the weight, but keeping it off. As a result, many people opt for medications to help maintain weight loss. Results from a new study now show that meal replacement drinks can be as effective as medications at helping dieters maintain weight. Researchers compared the benefit of using meal replacement drinks to Orlistat in two groups of people that had lost significant amounts of weight. A year after their weight loss, the group using meal replacement drinks had maintained their weight even better than the group using the medication. For many people, meal replacements drinks may be an effective, simple and safe method to maintaining a healthy weight.

Meal replacement drinks were recently shown to be as effective as medications for maintaining weight loss according to a study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

In this study, participants followed a very low calorie liquid diet (VLCD) for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of re-introduction to solid food. Then the subjects were randomly selected to receive either meal replacements or Orlistat (a medication that blocks fat absorption in the intestines), both combined with a structured meal plan calculated to maintain weight loss. For one year, all subjects followed a weight management program that included topics such as lifestyle, physical activity, and nutrition.

During weight maintenance, there were no significant differences in physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake and pedometer steps between the groups. After one year, the meal replacement group had regained only 5.9 lbs while the Orlistat group had regained 6.2 lbs.

Meal replacements and Orlistat were both effective in maintaining weight significantly below baseline levels over a year period of time. However, the group using meal replacement drinks maintained their weight even better than the group using the medication without the side effects. For many people, meal replacements drinks may be an effective, simple and safe method to maintaining a healthy weight.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 24, No. 5, 347-353 (2005)

Higher Antioxidant Intakes Reduce Risk of Lung Cancer in Male Smokers

2006-05-24T17:20:00.000-07:00

Don't avoid antioxidant supplements if you are a smoker or former smoker. Research in the 1990's seemed to indicate that high dosages of beta-carotene supplements may increase lung cancer risk in smokers. However, a new analysis of dietary records from one of these studies came to a different conclusion. Male smokers with the highest overall antioxidant intake, including beta-carotene, actually had a reduced risk of lung cancer.

In observational studies, a high intake of individual antioxidants was related to increased lung cancer risk in male smokers. However, data from many experiments suggest that there are interactions among antioxidant nutrients; therefore, consideration of multiple antioxidants simultaneously may be important in terms of assessing risk.

Yale University researchers evaluated dietary records of participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC). A group of over 27,000 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 had food records analyzed along with intakes of carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C. After evaluating the overall intake of antioxidants in this group, the conclusion differs somewhat from the original study.

According to this new analysis, the men with higher overall intakes of antioxidants had lower relative risks of lung cancer, regardless of their assigned study group (beta-carotene or placebo). While researchers of the ATBC study concluded that high-dose beta-carotene supplementation may increase lung cancer risk in male smokers, these findings support the hypothesis that a combination of dietary antioxidants reduces lung cancer risk in men who smoke.

Am J Epidemiol 2004 Jul 1;160(1):68-76

Comprehensive Study Shows Supplementation Correlates to Lower Health Care Costs

2006-05-11T17:17:00.000-07:00

A recent comprehensive review of existing scientific research literature found positive health effects associated with both omega-3 fatty acids and the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Researchers critically reviewed the scientific evidence of the two supplements' ability to reduce the risk of disease and developed estimates of potential health care savings. With health care costs skyrocketing and the age of the population increasing, helping seniors live independently for longer is becoming increasingly important.

The group reviewed several hundred studies dating back over thirty years to arrive at an estimated cost savings of 3.1 billion dollars over the next five years with the daily use of omega-3 fatty acids. They estimated that the reduction in coronary heart disease in the elderly population would result in 384,303 fewer hospitalizations and physician fees.

Loss of central vision caused by age-related macular degeneration results in numerous elderly becoming dependent on the community or a nursing facility. The researchers used over 15 years of research on lutein and zeaxanthin to estimate a potential net savings of 2.5 billion dollars over the next five years. Approximately 98,219 individuals could avoid the transition to dependence during this time through daily intake of 6-10 mg of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Based on health insurance costs for the age group over 65, the five-year estimated savings resulting from daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids and lutein with zeaxanthi n is approximately 5.6 billion dollars.

http://www.supplementinfo.org/anm/articlefiles/265-FINAL_DSEA_%20FACT_SHEET.pdf

Calcium Supplements Reduce Bone Fractures, but Only if You Take Them

2006-05-05T17:14:00.000-07:00

You've heard it before. Brittle bones lead to more fractures, especially in post-menopausal women who are susceptible to osteoporosis. Studies show that calcium can help maintain bone health. But, supplementation has to be daily - not once in a while or once a week or whenever you happen to remember!

The majority of post-menopausal women are susceptible to osteoporosis as their estrogen levels decline. This leads to greater excretion of calcium and results in more brittle bones prone to fracture. In this study, the women who took calcium supplements twice a day reduced their risk of breaking a bone, but getting them to consistently take the supplements was a problem.

The study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, lead researchers to state that they believed calcium supplementation may not be a good public health approach to fracture prevention, not because they don't work, but because of the lack of long-term compliance. Nearly half the 1,460 healthy women who participated in the study did not consistently take the twice-daily 600 mg supplements.

However, among the women in the study who took at least 80 percent of their assigned calcium, only 10 percent suffered a fracture within one year compared to 15 percent of the women who regularly took a placebo. Therefore, taking extra calcium in supplement form did significantly help those women who took them regularly.

The results of this study illustrate two important points: negative conclusions reported in some supplement studies may be a result of poor compliance, not the failure of the supplement itself, and supplements won't likely be effective if they are not taken consistently.

Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:869-875

Canadian study indicates that quality of nutritional supplements is still a concern

2006-04-21T17:10:00.000-07:00

In a new study, researchers discovered that more than half of the nutritional supplements tested did not disintegrate properly. Included in the test were 39 tablets and 10 capsules containing minerals and vitamins commercially available on the Canadian market. The first disintegration stage was performed using Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 for 20 minutes. Products which did not disintegrate were further analyzed using USP disintegration conditions for dietary supplements. Of the 39 tablets tested, only 18 products disintegrated fully at the first stage. The 21 tablets that did not pass the first stage were then tested for disintegration using USP conditions. Nine tablets still failed to disintegrate, including all three timed-release products tested. Forty-percent of the capsules also failed the first stage, although all ten eventually passed when subjected to USP testing conditions.

This study illustrates that disintegration, one basic indicator of product quality, is still a concern for dietary supplements.

J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci (www.cspsCanada.org) 9(1):40-49, 2006 http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9(1)/Loebenberg.R/tablets.pdf

Low Vitamin D Levels Linked to Insulin Resistance

2006-04-14T17:09:00.000-07:00

Vitamin D intake may be linked to insulin resistance. Researchers administered oral glucose tolerance tests to 126 healthy volunteers who had no obvious symptoms of glucose intolerance. Blood glucose levels declined more slowly in test subjects with low vitamin D levels. These subjects were also more likely than their peers to show signs of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance. The results from this study suggest that people with low vitamin D levels have a higher risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Am J Clin Nutr 2004 May;79(5):820-5.

Supplemental vitamin D and calcium reduces risk of diabetes

2006-04-05T17:06:00.000-07:00

CoEnzyme Q10 protects nerve cells

2006-03-22T17:04:00.000-08:00

Cells in the brain and nervous system depend on optimal mitochondrial function for energy. A recent study in the journal Neurobiology of Disease showed that oxidative stress causes mitochondria to produce excessive free radicals, leading to nerve cell damage and destruction. Due to its function in the mitochondrial energy process and its role as an antioxidant, researchers evaluated CoEnzyme Q10 for its ability to protect nerve cells.

The results of this study revealed that CoEnzyme Q10 inhibits the production of free radicals by the mitochondria and stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane when nerve cells are subjected to oxidative stress. CoEnzyme Q10 may therefore have a potential benefit in reducing the risk of various neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurobiol Dis. 2005 Apr;18(3):618-27

Calcium reduces colorectal cancer risk in men

2006-03-16T17:02:00.000-08:00

Men who get the most calcium have lower risks of colorectal cancer. A new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition analyzed over 45,000 Swedish men with no history of cancer who were between the ages of 45 and 79. Their food intake and diet were analyzed and they were followed for an average of 6.7 years.

Men whose calcium intake was in the top one-fourth of participants had a 32 percent lower risk of developing colorectal cancer than those in the bottom fourth. Dairy, the main source of calcium in Swedish diets, had the greatest protective effect on the colon. Men who consumed seven or more servings of dairy per day reduced the risk to 54 percent below that of men whose intake was less than two servings per day.

In an editorial in the same issue, researchers added that in addition to calcium, vitamin D may have also played a major role in the reduction of colorectal cancer seen in these men.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 3, 667-673, March 2006.

Soy and cruciferous vegetables reduce cancer risk by enhancing DNA repair

2006-03-09T07:42:00.000-08:00

Nutrients found in soy and cruciferous vegetables have recently been shown to have anti-cancer activity for hormone-responsive tumors (i.e. breast and prostate cancers). The February 13, 2006 issue of the British Journal of Cancer reported that genistein (a soy isoflavone) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in vegetables such as broccoli, enhance DNA repair.

After adding increasing doses of I3C and genistein to two prostate cancer and two breast cancer cell lines, the scientists found a rise in levels of certain proteins which repair damaged DNA. Additionally, when researchers added I3C and genistein together in low doses to the cell lines, the results were synergistic, providing greater benefit than that obtained by either compound alone.

The finding could explain, in part, the protective effect these compounds have shown against some cancers. The study is also among the first to discover a cellular explanation behind the ability of increased vegetable intake to reduce the risk of cancer.

British Journal of Cancer (2006) 94,407-426.

Soy Protein benefits the heart in healthy young men

2006-03-02T07:39:00.000-08:00

Although previous research has shown that soy protein can reduce risk factors for heart disease, few studies have involved healthy male subjects. New research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition studied the cardiovascular benefits of soy protei n on healthy young men.

Male participants with an average age of 28, consumed milk protein isolate, low-isoflavone soy protein isolate and high-soy protein isolate for 57 days each. The different supplements were given randomly, each separated by a one- month break, to insure the sequence didn't influence the findings. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each treatment period. Ratios of total cholesterol to HDL ("good") cholesterol, and LDL ("bad") cholesterol to HDL were significantly lower with both soy protein supplements, compared to the milk protein supplement.

In healthy young men, soy protein influences blood cholesterol ratios in a direction beneficial for the heart.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 2, 244-251, February 2006.

Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Add Years of Life in Elderly

2006-02-24T07:37:00.000-08:00

A Mediterranean diet is one rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, nuts, whole grains, and fats such as olive oil. The diet is moderate in red meat and dairy products. Research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association investigated the single and combined effect of Mediterranean diet, being physically active, moderate alcohol use, and nonsmoking on causes of death in elderly European men and women. During a ten-year follow-up, deaths from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and overall mortality were analyzed. In this study, the combination of healthy diet and lifestyle led to a 65% reduction in the overall death rate and more than 50% reductions in deaths caused by coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Adherence to a Mediterranean style diet, coupled with a few healthy lifestyle habits, can add years of life even among individuals aged 70 to 90 years.

JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1433-9.

Fiber intake associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors

2006-02-15T18:15:00.000-08:00

Increased dietary fiber intake is associated with reduced levels of a number of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The results of a study published in the December 2005 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition adds to a growing body of evidence linking higher dietary fiber intake with a lower risk of heart disease.

Nearly 6,000 men and women were selected from participants in an ongoing trial designed to evaluate the effect of antioxidants on cancer and heart disease incidence over an eight year period.

The highest total and insoluble dietary fiber intakes were associated with reductions in the risks of overweight and elevated waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B, apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I ratio, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and homocysteine. Fiber from cereals was associated with a lower body mass index, blood pressure, and homocysteine concentration; fiber from vegetables with a lower blood pressure and homocysteine concentration; and fiber from fruit with a lower waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure. Fiber from dried fruit or nuts and seeds was associated with a lower body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting apo B and glucose concentrations.

The findings of this study illustrate the significance of increasing fiber intake from various dietary sources. The results also indicate that 25 grams total dietary fiber per day is the minimum intake required to attain a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease, and that total dietary fiber intakes of 30-35 grams/day will likely provide an even greater protective effect.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, No. 6, 1185-1194, December 2005

Vitamin E shows a heart health benefit in women

2006-02-09T18:14:00.000-08:00

A study published in the July 6 2005 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association found that vitamin E significantly reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.

To date this is the largest and longest trial ever conducted on vitamin E, involving over 40,000 healthy women. When compared to placebo, there was a 24 percent reduction in cardiovascular deaths among the 20,000 women in the treatment group. Women over 65 received an even greater benefit, reducing their risk of heart attack incidence by 34 percent and heart attack death by 49 percent.

These findings are important since previous studies have examined unhealthy populations and then used the results to reach conclusions about the safety of vitamin E in healthy individuals. Many nutrition experts hope this will dispel some misconceptions about vitamin E and inspire other researchers to continue to study vitamin E and its potentially beneficial effects.

The Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 294, 56-65, July 2005.

Fish oil lowers heart rate

2006-02-01T18:11:00.000-08:00

There is significant evidence that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-arrhythmic effects, which is associated with decreased death from various cardiovascular diseases.

A recent meta-analysis published in the Journal Circulation, further confirms this association. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health combined statistical analysis of thirty studies published from 1996 to 2005. These studies involved nearly 1,700 individuals treated with fish oil or placebo for up to one year. The median combined dose of EPA and DHA was 3.5 grams/day for an average of 8 weeks.

The overall estimated change in heart rate of those treated with fish oil was 1.6 beats per minute. The reduction in heart rate was even greater among trials whose participants had higher baseline heart rates. In those studies, treatment with fish oil resulted in a decreased heart rate of 2.5 beats per min. There was no evidence of a dose-response effect, and heart rate was not significantly different between higher and lower doses compared with placebo.

Although the overall effect of fish oil on heart rate appears small, researchers estimate that on a population basis this could correspond to as much as a 5% reduction in sudden death.

Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112:1945-1952.

Carotenoid supplements provide protection against DNA damage

2006-01-25T17:52:00.000-08:00

New research published in the January 2006 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition shows that carotenoid supplementation is protective against DNA damage.

Researchers randomly assigned study subjects to one of three treatments: A daily dose of mixed carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein, and lycopene: 4 mg each), a 12 mg single carotenoid (beta-carotene, lutein or lycopene) or a placebo. In addition, the subjects were instructed to limit carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetables from two weeks prior to the study until completion. Following the supplementation period, researchers analyzed plasma carotenoid concentrations and lymphocyte DNA damage. Each carotenoid group exhibited significantly reduced DNA damage compared to baseline, whereas the placebo group showed no such improvement. Both the mixed carotenoid and the beta-carotene groups further displayed significantly less oxidative DNA damage as early as 15 days into supplementation.

The results indicate that carotenoid supplementation, whether in combination at moderate doses or individually at higher doses, provides protection against DNA damage.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 1, 163-169, January 2006

Congestive Heart Failure and Vitamin B1 Deficiency

2006-01-19T17:24:00.000-08:00

A study published in the January 17, 2006, issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reported that approximately one out of three patients hospitalized with heart failure have deficient levels of thiamin, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamin deficiency manifests as symptoms of congestive heart failure and, therefore, may worsen existing heart failure. Congestive heart failure patients may be at increased risk for thiamin deficiency as a result of diuretic-induced urine thiamin excretion, disease severity, malnutrition, and advanced age.

Researchers measured thiamin levels among 100 heart failure patients and compared them with measurements of 50 healthy subjects. They found a deficiency of the vitamin in 33 percent of the heart failure patients compared to 12 percent of those without the disease.

It has been observed that heart failure may increase the body's need for certain nutrients, so that even individuals with healthful diets may still come up short on vitamin B1. Researchers noted that a relatively small dose of thiamin from a multivitamin was protective against developing thiamin deficiency and may decrease disease severity in those with congestive heart failure.

J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 47:354-361

Antioxidants lower macular degeneration risk

2006-01-11T22:28:00.000-08:00

A report published in the December 28, 2005 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that individuals whose diets contain high amounts of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc have a significantly lower risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) than people whose diets contain lower levels of the nutrients. Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of permanent blindness in the developed world.

The current study included 4,176 men at women at risk of AMD who were participants in the Rotterdam Study, which enrolled 7,983 men and women aged 55 or older. Five hundred-sixty subjects were diagnosed with new macular degeneration during the follow-up period. Participants with an above-median intake of all 4 nutrients, beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc, had a 35% reduced risk of AMD compared to those whose intake of any of the nutrients was below average.

The results of this study suggest that high dietary intakes of antioxidants, in particular vitamin E and zinc, may reduce the risk of AMD and delay its development.

JAMA 2005;294:3101-3107

Vitamin D reduces the risk of certain cancers

2006-01-06T22:26:00.000-08:00

A recent study has found that vitamin D deficiency may account for several thousand premature deaths annually. These findings were published last week online in the American Journal of Public Health.

The researchers reviewed 63 studies on the relationship between vitamin D and certain types of cancer worldwide between 1966 and 2004. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer, especially in cancers of the colon, breast, prostate and ovary.

Vitamin D is acquired either through the diet or through exposure to sunlight. Food sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, and fortified orange juice. A typical serving provides approximately 100 international units (IU). Supplementing with additional vitamin D could be especially important for people living in northern areas, which receive less vitamin D from sunlight.

The evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status through diet and supplements could reduce cancer incidence and mortality at low cost, with few or no adverse effects.

AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Dec 27, 2005

Meal replacements are as effective as medications for weight maintenance

2005-12-28T22:33:00.000-08:00

In a recent study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, the effectiveness of meal replacements in weight loss maintenance was examined.

Participants followed a liquid very low calorie diet (VLCD) for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of re-orientation to solid food. At week 16, the subjects were randomly selected to receive either meal replacements or Orlistat, both combined with a structured meal plan calculated to maintain weight loss. For one year, all subjects followed a weight management program that included topics such as lifestyle, physical activity and nutrition.

During the VLCD, the meal replacement group lost an average of 50.2 lbs and the Orlistat group lost an average of 49 lbs. During weight maintenance, there were no significant differences in physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake and pedometer steps between the groups. After one year, the meal replacement group had regained 5.9 lbs and the Orlistat group had regained 6.2 lbs.

Meal replacements and Orlistat were both effective in maintaining weight significantly below baseline levels over a year period of time. Meal replacements, therefore, may be a viable alternative to medications for weight maintenance.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 24, No. 5, 347-353 (2005)

Vitamin D levels linked to healthy lung function

2005-12-22T17:56:00.000-08:00

Researchers in New Zealand recently examined the relationship between lung function and vitamin D and published their findings in the December issue of the journal Chest. Low concentrations of vitamin D have been associated with a number of diseases, including osteoporosis, hypertension, and type I diabetes. Research now indicates that serum concentrations of vitamin D might also influence pulmonary function.

Subjects included 14,091 adults, participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) carried out between 1988 and 1994. Lung function was measured by the volume of air that could be forcibly blown out in total, the forced vital capacity (FVC), or in one second, the forced expiratory volume (FEV1). Vitamin D was measured using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the standard indicator of vitamin D levels.

The difference in lung function between the groups with the highest and lowest vitamin D intake was substantial in both the FVC and FEV1 tests.

Although further studies are necessary to determine whether supplementation with vitamin D is of any benefit in patients with chronic respiratory disease, the researchers stated that vitamin D supplements could be a simple, low-cost method to prevent or slow the loss of lung function.

Chest 2005 Dec;128(6):3792-8.

Magnesium intake may reduce the risk of osteoporosis

2005-12-16T17:52:00.000-08:00

A recent study published in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society has shown that dietary intake of magnesium is associated with an increase in bone mineral density in older men and women.

The study included 2,038 men and women aged 70-79 that were enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess magnesium intakes and document any medications. The data also accounted for variations in age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, estrogen use, and supplemental calcium and vitamin D.

Higher Mg intake through diet and supplements was positively associated with total - body bone mineral density (BMD) in older white men and women. For every 100 mg per day increase in Mg, there was an approximate 2 per cent increase in whole-body BMD. The results have important implications since osteoporosis currently affects over 10 million adults in the U.S. alone, with another 34 million suspected to have low bone mass. In addition, earlier dietary surveys have consistently shown that a large portion of adults do not meet the RDA for magnesium.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society November, Vol 53, No 11, pp 1875-1880

Fiber intake associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors

2005-12-07T17:50:00.000-08:00

Resveratrol may help protect against Alzheimer's

2005-12-01T19:31:00.000-08:00

A study published in the November 11 issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry has shown that resveratrol, a compound found in grapes, red wine, peanuts and berries, lowers the levels of the amyloid-beta peptides, which cause much of the neurological damage associated with Alzheimer's disease. Researchers administered resveratrol to cells which produce human amyloid-beta and tested the compound's effectiveness by analyzing amyloid-beta levels inside and outside the cells. They found that amyloid-beta levels in the treated cells were much lower than those in untreated cells. It is thought that resveratrol acts by stimulating the degradation of these amyloid-beta peptides.

Although more research is needed, researchers suggest that this natural compound may have a therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Resveratrol is currently being researched for a potential role in fighting other human amyloid-related diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's and prion diseases.

J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 280; Issue 45: 37377-37382, November 11 2005.

Low Selenium levels linked with increased risk of knee osteoarthritis

2005-11-23T19:27:00.000-08:00

A possible link between selenium levels and knee osteoarthritis was discovered for the first time and results were recently presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology. Participants included 940 people with arthritis that are part of a long-term osteoarthritis study in Johnston County, North Carolina. Researchers analyzed toenail clippings from the subjects to measure selenium, and used x-ray films to determine the extent of osteoarthritis.

For every tenth part per million selenium detected in the subjects, there was a 15-20 percent reduction in the risk of knee osteoarthritis. When participants were divided into three groups, those with the highest selenium had a 40 percent lower risk of arthritis than those in the lowest selenium group and had only about half the chance of severe arthritis in both knees. More research is necessary to determine exactly how selenium affects cartilage, but researchers noted that the antioxidant nature of selenium may be responsible for its apparent benefit.

http://www.rheumatology.org/press/2005/jordan.asp

Phenols found in olive oil benefit blood vessels

2005-11-18T18:44:00.000-08:00

According to a new study published in the November 2005 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, phenolic compounds found in olive oil may help explain the cardiovascular health benefits associated with the Mediterranean Diet.

Phenolics are plant-based compounds believed to have antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and anticlotting properties that are found in higher concentrations in virgin olive oil.

In this study researchers found an improvement in the functioning of the endothelium (the inner lining) of small blood vessels, and in the concentrations of certain components of blood serum, after study subjects consumed a polyphenol-rich meal. But no such changes were found after the same study subjects consumed a low-phenolic meal.

Although more studies are needed to confirm these results, these findings may help to explain some of the heart health benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005; Nov: 15(46) 1864-1868.

Supplements reduce health care costs

2005-11-10T16:13:00.000-08:00

The group reviewed several hundred studies dating back over thirty years to arrive at an estimated cost savings of 3.1 billion dollars over the next five years with the daily use of omega-3 fatty acids. They estimated that the reduction in coronary heart disease in the elderly population would result in 384,303 fewer hospitalizations and physician fees.

Loss of central vision caused by age-related macular degeneration results in numerous elderly becoming dependent on the community or a nursing facility. The researchers used over 15 years of research on lutein and zeaxanthin to estimate a potential net savings of 2.5 billion dollars over the next five years. Approximately 98,219 individuals could avoid the transition to dependence during this time through daily intake of 6-10 mg of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Based on health insurance costs for the age group over 65, the five-year estimated savings resulting from daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids and lutein with zeaxanthin is approximately 5.6 billion dollars.

For further information please see: http://www.supplementinfo.org/anm/articlefiles/265-FINAL_DSEA_%20FACT_SHEET.pdf

High folate intake may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease

2005-11-02T21:35:00.000-08:00

Study findings have suggested an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and several vitamins when used as preventive agents. In a recent study published in the journal Alzheimer's and Dementia, researchers examined whether total intake of antioxidant vitamins (E, C, carotenoids) and B vitamins (folate, B6, and B12) is associated with a reduced risk of AD.

Participants were 579 nondemented elderly volunteers from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who completed dietary diaries and recorded supplement intake. After more than 9 nine years of follow-up, AD developed in 57 participants. Higher intake of folate, vitamin E, and vitamin B6 were associated individually with a decreased risk of AD after adjusting for age, gender, education, and caloric intake. When these 3 vitamins were analyzed together, only total intake of folate at or above the RDA was associated with a significant decreased risk of AD.

The findings of this study suggest that total intake of folate at or above the RDA may be associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's and Dementia 2005 Jul:1 (1):11-18.

Beta-carotene linked to reduced mortality risk in the elderly

2005-10-20T18:03:00.000-07:00

In a new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers have found an association between plasma carotene levels and lower death rates among the elderly. This prospective study involved 1168 elderly men and women who were followed for 10 years. After the follow-up period, researchers looked at causes of mortality in the study population. The subjects with higher plasma carotene concentrations had a lower overall mortality risk, and a lower risk of mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease specifically. To put the results in context, researchers performed a meta-analysis of 5 studies on plasma antioxidants and all-cause mortality in elderly populations.

These findings are somewhat surprising since some of the previous supplemental trials have been negative or inconclusive. The researchers suggested that the confusing evidence so far may indicate that beta-carotene needs to be taken in concert with other antioxidants to have a beneficial effect on health.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, No. 4, 879-886, October 2005

Folic acid lowers blood concentrations of homocysteine

2005-10-12T21:56:00.000-07:00

A new study published in the October 2005 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition indicates that a dosage of at least 800 mcg of folic acid is needed to maximally reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations. Increased blood homocysteine levels are considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

This meta-analysis of 25 studies evaluated the effect of various doses of folic acid on plasma homocysteine. Doses of 800 micrograms provided a significantly greater reduction in plasma homocysteine compared to 400 micrograms. Supplementation with 800 micrograms folic acid per day was associated with a 23 percent reduction in homocysteine, compared to a 20 percent reduction associated with 400 micrograms. A dosage of 200 mcg was associated with a 13 percent reduction. Higher doses provided only a slightly greater benefit. The addition of vitamin B12 was associated with a synergistic benefit.

Although some fortified foods contribute to daily intake in the U.S., many multi-nutrient supplements provide just 400 mcg of folic acid.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, No. 4, 806-812, October 2005

Soy protein reduces fatty liver toxicity and insulin resistance

2005-09-22T14:57:00.000-07:00

The September 2005 issue of Journal of Lipid Research published the findings of research showing that a diet rich in soy protein helps protect against hepatic steatosis (fatty liver). Fatty liver disease is characterized by an increased production of fatty acids in the liver. The condition is associated with the development of insulin resistance, and can result in liver enlargement and chronic liver disease. There is currently no treatment for this potentially fatal condition.

For 160 days, researchers fed soy protein diets to rats bred to develop diabetes and fatty liver. Although the rats developed obesity and hyperinsulinemia as expected, they failed to exhibit an accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in their livers. The effects of the soy diet appeared to be due to a low expression of genes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver. Additionally, the soy-rich diet also increased the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver, further lowering the accumulation of fat in the liver.

Although more research is needed on the subject, researchers believe the results indicate that consumption of soy protein could reduce insulin resistance and its resulting damage to the liver and kidneys.

J Lipid Res. 2005 Sep;46(9):1823-32

Soy associated with reduced fracture risk in postmenopausal women

2005-09-13T19:28:00.000-07:00

A study published in the September 12 2005 issue of the journal Archives of Internal Medicine found that postmenopausal women whose dietary intake of soy was high had a lower risk of bone fracture than women whose intake was comparatively low.

Researchers analyzed data from women who took part in the Shanghai Women's Health study, which included approximately 75,000 Chinese women aged 40 to 70.

Women consuming 13.27 grams or more per day had a 37 percent lower risk of fracture than those whose soy intake was less than 4.98 grams per day. Isoflavones from soy were found to provide a similar protective benefit. Those with the highest intake of isoflavones had a 35 percent reduced risk of fracture compared to the risk of women whose intake was the lowest. The inverse association was more pronounced among women in early menopause.

Diets high in soy may reduce the risk of bone fracture in postmenopausal women, particularly during the early years following menopause. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1890-1895.

Folic Acid reduces risk of hypertension in women

2005-09-08T19:26:00.000-07:00

Folic acid supplements, widely used by women to prevent birth defects, may prevent hypertension in women, possibly due to its ability to relax blood vessels and ease blood flow. In a study published earlier this year in the January 19th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers analyzed health data collected from over 150,000 women participating in the Nurses Health Study. Researchers found that the women aged 27 to 44, who consumed at least 1,000 micrograms of folic acid daily -- from foods and supplements -- had a 46 percent decreased risk of developing hypertension compared with those who consumed less than 200 micrograms a day. And in the women aged 43 to 70, those with a high intake had an 18 percent reduced risk of developing hypertension.

Folate occurs naturally in substances such as orange juice and leafy green vegetables, and is added to certain food products, but getting the vitamin from foods alone failed to lower the risk of hypertension. Higher total folate, obtained from both diet and supplements, reduced the risk of hypertension, particularly in younger women.

Vitamin D levels inadequate in half of women treated with osteoporosis drugs

2005-08-24T20:03:00.000-07:00

A study published in the June 2005 issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Research has found that many women treated for osteoporosis have low levels of vitamin D, a nutrient necessary for adequate bone mineralization.

The study involved 1,536 postmenopausal women from 61 study sites who had been taking medications for the treatment of osteoporosis for a minimum of three months. Participants were allowed to have used vitamin D supplements as long as the dosage had remained consistent.

Overall, 52% percent of the women had vitamin D levels considered inadequate. Sixty-three percent of women who reported a supplemental intake of 400 IU's or less had inadequate vitamin D levels compared to 45 percent of those whose intake was 400 IU's or greater. Lower levels were also associated with the lack of physician counseling regarding the importance of vitamin D in bone health.

The results of this study emphasize the need for greater education of the public and physicians regarding the significance of vitamin D status in the care of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Long-term vitamin use slows cataract development

2005-08-11T19:23:00.000-07:00

A study published in the April 2005 issue of the Archives of Opthalmology found that ten years or more supplementation with vitamin E significantly retarded cataract progression. Two B vitamins, thiamin and riboflavin, also were related to reduced cataract development.

Earlier research conducted by these researchers had revealed a similar protective benefit for vitamin C and omega 3 fatty acids.

The results of these studies provide added support for a relationship between nutrient intake and cataracts. Although questions regarding the role of diet and cataract development still remain unanswered, finding ways to delay age- related cataract formation through diet or supplementation may enhance the quality of life for many older people.

Vitamin D deficiency and hip fracture risk

2005-08-04T11:37:00.000-07:00

A new report to be published online in Current Medical Research and Opinion found that in nearly all cases of hip fracture the patients are deficient in vitamin D.

The Scottish study of 548 patients who were admitted to South Glasgow University Hospital in the previous 4 years revealed that over 97 percent had vitamin D levels below normal.

Additionally, the vitamin D levels in 25 percent of the cases were so low they were virtually immeasurable.

The researchers stated that although the study numbers were relatively small, the results demonstrate that vitamin D insufficiency may be a significant risk factor for fractures of the hip.

Low Chromium Levels May Increase Heart Attack Risk

2005-07-28T16:27:00.000-07:00

A study published in the July 15, 2005 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology found an association between low chromium levels and heart attack risk. Researchers analyzed chromium levels in the toe nails of 684 men who had experienced heart attacks and a comparable number who had not.

The investigators found that the levels of chromium were reduced with advancing age and hypertension. In addition, chromium levels of heart attack patients were about 13% lower than those of comparison subjects. The men with the lowest chromium levels had a 35% greater risk of heart attack than those with the highest levels. These findings suggest that chromium intake may be associated with an increased risk of heart attack.

Vitamin E shows a heart health benefit in women

2005-07-21T16:32:00.000-07:00

A new study published in the July 6, 2005 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association found that vitamin E significantly reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.

Low zinc intake may influence exercise performance

2005-06-29T19:22:00.000-07:00

In a recent study published in the May 2005 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers analyzed the effect of restricted dietary zinc on metabolic responses during exercise. Certain zinc-containing enzymes are believed to regulate energy expenditure, but there is limited data on the role of zinc in promoting physiologic function during exercise.

Male study participants received a low-zinc diet (3.8 mg/day) for 9 weeks and after a 6 week wash-out period, the same diet supplemented with 15 mg of zinc for an additional 9 weeks. Using two types of stationary exercise bike tests, researchers tested the subjects' cardiovascular fitness during the second and ninth week of each diet period.

Low dietary zinc resulted in a significant decline in work capacity and performance in the subjects when compared to results during the supplemented period. Blood tests confirmed that the low-zinc regimen resulted in reduced blood zinc concentration and retention, and lowered the activity of specific zinc-dependent enzymes. The lowered activity of these enzymes impacts exercise performance by compromising the body's ability to regulate the increase in blood carbon dioxide that is produced during exercise. These results suggest that adequate zinc is necessary for peak performance and metabolic response during exercise.

Inadequate magnesium intake is associated with heart disease risk

2005-06-22T23:19:00.000-07:00

Current dietary guidelines recommend a minimum magnesium intake of 310-420 mg per day to maintain health and reduce cardiovascular risk. Recent evidence from both clinical and animal studies suggest that magnesium may be associated with inflammatory processes. In a recent study published in the June volume of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, researchers determined that dietary magnesium consumption is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation. Participants included a large nationally representative sample of U.S. adults.

Among the U.S. adults, 68% consumed less than the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of magnesium, and 19% consumed less than 50% of the RDA. Adults who consumed less than the RDA of magnesium were 1.48-1.75 times more likely to have elevated CRP than adults who consumed greater levels than the RDA. Overweight adults over age 40 consuming less than 50% RDA for magnesium were 2.24 times more likely to have elevated CRP than adults getting more than the RDA.

Most Americans consume magnesium at levels below the RDA. Since individuals with intakes below the RDA are more likely to have elevated CRP, inadequate intakes of magnesium may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk.

Linolenic acid reduces atherosclerotic plaque

2005-06-14T23:18:00.000-07:00

Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid found in salad dressings, flax and canola oil. A study published in the June 7 2005 issue of the journal Circulation has shown a decreased prevalence of calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries of individuals whose diets included higher amounts of alpha-linolenic acid.

Data from over 2,000 participants in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (FHS) were included in this study. The presence and extent of coronary artery calcified atherosclerotic plaque was measured by CT scans during a 7 yr follow up.

Alpha-linolenic intake ranged from 170 milligrams to 3.48 grams per day. The researchers found an inverse association between alpha-linolenic acid consumption and the presence of calcified atherosclerotic plaque. Individuals in the highest 20 percent of alpha-linolenic acid intake experienced a 62 percent lower risk of having the plaques than those with the lowest intakes.

Researchers note that alpha-linolenic acid is a precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) which reduces inflammation by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism. Alpha-linolenic acid may, therefore, reduce coronary calcification risk by its anti-inflammatory properties.

Nutritional supplements improve symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

2005-06-08T23:21:00.000-07:00

A new study published in the June 2005 issue of the Journal of Nutrition indicates that a combination of nutrients known to help protect against cardiovascular disease also helps to improve the risk factors and symptoms of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Peripheral vascular disease is a blockage of the arteries in the legs caused by atherosclerosis. Due to inadequate blood supply, the condition often causes cramping pain in the legs that occurs during walking.

Sixty men with PVD were divided into two groups. The treatment group received a daily fortified milk product that contained 200 milligrams eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 130 milligrams docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 5.12 grams oleic acid, 150 micrograms folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, D, and E. The control group received skimmed milk with added vitamins A and D. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning of the 12 month study and every three months until the study's conclusion.

Pain free walking distance progressively increased after the third month by up to 3.5 times in the group that received the supplements, while the group that received the skim milk experienced nonsignificant improvements. A measurement of blood pressure ratio between the ankle and brachial artery improved in the treatment group, but not in the control group. The treatment group experienced a drop in total cholesterol, ApoB, and homocysteine among those in whom it was previously elevated.

These findings provide evidence for the role of nutrition in reducing the symptoms PVD as well as general cardiovascular disease.

Micronutrient deficiencies likely to be a major cause of cancer

2005-06-03T22:42:00.000-07:00

The following abstract and conclusion were published by Dr. Bruce Ames of the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Ames is a leading expert in Molecular Toxicology and Nutrition. The research was published in two major journals: Micronutrient deficiencies. A major cause of DNA damage Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;889:87-106, and DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer Mutat Res. 2001 Apr 18;475(1-2):7-20.

ABSTRACT

DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. A deficiency of any of the micronutrients: folic acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, niacin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, iron, or zinc, mimics radiation in damaging DNA by causing single- and double-strand breaks, oxidative lesions, or both. For example, the percentage of the US population that has a low intake (<50%>20%. A level of folate deficiency causing chromosome breaks was present in approximately 10% of the US population, and in a much higher percentage of the poor. Folate deficiency causes extensive incorporation of uracil into human DNA (4 million/cell), leading to chromosomal breaks. This mechanism is the likely cause of the increased colon cancer risk associated with low folate intake. Some evidence, and mechanistic considerations, suggest that Vitamin B12 (14% US elderly) and B6 (10% of US) deficiencies also cause high uracil and chromosome breaks. Micronutrient deficiency may explain, in good part, why the quarter of the population that eats the fewest fruits and vegetables (five portions a day is advised) has about double the cancer rate for most types of cancer when compared to the quarter with the highest intake. For example, 80% of American children and adolescents and 68% of adults do not eat five portions a day. Common micronutrient deficiencies are likely to damage DNA by the same mechanism as radiation and many chemicals, appear to be orders of magnitude more important, and should be compared for perspective. Remedying micronutrient deficiencies should lead to a major improvement in health and an increase in longevity at low cost.

CONCLUSION

Optimizing micronutrient intake (through better diets, fortification of foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can have a major impact on public health at low cost. Other micronutrients are likely to be added to the list of those whose deficiency causes DNA damage in the coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism, which varies with genetic constitution and changes with age, is likely to be a major way to minimize DNA damage, improve health and prolong healthy lifespan.

Vitamin D supplementation lowers fracture risk

2005-05-25T19:21:00.000-07:00

The May 11 2005 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association published the results of a meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials involving vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of fracture. The analysis concluded that supplementation with higher than the commonly recommended 400 international unit (IU) doses of vitamin D reduces the risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older individuals.

The vitamin D studies included a total of 19,114 men and women aged 60 and older. The trials used the form of the vitamin known as cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3, which, according to studies cited in the current review, may be much more effective than the dietary form of the vitamin.

The researchers found that doses of 700 to 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day reduced the risk of hip fracture by 26 percent and nonvertebral fracture by 23 percent. Studies that used 400 IU vitamin D3 or less found no significant benefit for either type of fracture.

The role of additional calcium supplementation could not clearly be defined from the studies, but it appears that at least 700 milligrams calcium per day may also be necessary for nonvertebral fracture prevention.

Vitamins E and C confirmed safe by leading experts

2005-05-19T10:53:00.000-07:00

In a new article published in the April issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, fourteen leading safety and antioxidant experts reviewed the available scientific literature on vitamin E and C and concluded that high dosages commonly used in supplements are safe for the general population.

In reviewing the available scientific literature on vitamins E and C, the scientists evaluated clinical trials as well as epidemiological studies in humans, including the recent, controversial meta-analysis on vitamin E from Johns Hopkins University. Based on the 95 studies analyzed, the experts determined there was sufficient information from human data to support a conclusion on safety. The experts concluded that evidence of potential adverse effects of high vitamin E intakes in humans is not convincing and that supplements appear safe for most adults in amounts up to 1,600 IU.

With regard to vitamin C, the authors noted that other than occasional gastrointestinal upset or mild diarrhea, there is no pattern of evidence to support concerns about safety in dosages commonly consumed.

Vitamins E and C are among the most popular dietary supplements. Many studies suggest that these antioxidant supplements, either alone or in combination with other supplements, can help promote overall good health and be helpful in lowering the risk of certain chronic degenerative diseases.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 4, 736-745, April 2005

CoEnzyme Q10 reduces oxidative damage to nerve cells

2005-05-13T11:23:00.000-07:00

In a recent study published in the April 2005 volume of Neurobiology of Disease, researchers investigated the role of CoEnzyme Q10 in protecting nerve cells from oxidative damage.

Nerve cells depend on optimal mitochondrial function for energy. This study demonstrated that external oxidative stress causes mitochondria to increase production of free radicals, leading to nerve cell damage and destruction. Since CoEnzyme Q10 is a component of the mitochondrial energy process and is a potent anti-oxidant, CoEnzyme Q10 was evaluated as a neuroprotective agent.

In this study, CoEnzyme Q10 inhibited the production of free radicals by the mitochondria, suggesting that CoEnzyme Q10 acts to stabilize the mitochondrial membrane when nerve cells are subjected to oxidative stress. CoEnzyme Q10 may therefore have a potential benefit as a therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative diseases.

Long-term vitamin E use slows cataract development

2005-05-05T14:11:00.000-07:00

The April 2005 issue of the journal Archives of Opthalmology reports that long- term use of vitamin E supplements and an increased intake of the B vitamins thiamin and riboflavin are associated with a reduction in the progression of cataracts.

Researchers from Harvard and Tufts Universities analyzed data from 408 participants in the Nurses' Health Study between the ages 52 to 74. The association of cataract development with B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin and niacin, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids was evaluated. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to determine the amount of lens nuclear opacification (cloudiness) that occurred during the duration of the study.

Long-term vitamin E supplement use, and higher intakes of thiamin and riboflavin were associated with a reduced progression of opacities. Niacin additionally appeared to have an effect, although it was smaller than that of the other B vitamins.

The current research is consistent with prior studies which documented an association between long-term vitamin E supplement use and a lower risk of cataracts.

Soy protein reduces breast cancer risk in women

2005-04-28T13:34:00.000-07:00

A meta-analysis of 14 studies relating to soy consumption and breast cancer in women around the world was published in the April volume of The International Journal of Cancer Prevention.

Soy intake was assessed in one of the three ways, soyfoods (as a group of foods or a specific type of soyfoods, e.g. bean curd), soy protein, or soy isoflavones.

The analysis of studies on soy intake and breast cancer indicated that eating soy protein on a regular basis may reduce a woman's chance of developing breast cancer by up to 22 percent. Seven of the 14 publications provided data on breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, regular soy intake decreased the risk of breast cancer by 36 percent. In addition, soy consumption by adolescents may be related to a lower risk of developing breast cancer later in life.

The results of these analyses show that regular consumption of soyfoods is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in women.

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce mortality risk more effectively than statin drugs

2005-04-20T21:54:00.000-07:00

A review published in the April 11 2005 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine analyzed the effects of various lipid lowering regimens on overall mortality and mortality from coronary heart disease. Researchers reviewed 97 clinical trials that included 137,140 men and women receiving treatment and 138,976 control subjects. This analysis compared the mortality risk associated with diet, lipid lowering drugs, omega-3 fatty acids (commonly found in fish oils) and niacin.

Statins (a class of lipid lowering drugs) and omega-3 fatty acids significantly lowered both overall and coronary heart disease mortality risk during the trial periods. When compared to controls, overall mortality risk was reduced 13 percent by statin drugs and 23 percent by omega-3 fatty acids. When the risk of mortality from heart disease alone was examined, the use of statin drugs and omega-3 fatty acids were found to lower the risk by 22 and 32 percent, respectively.

Since omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce cholesterol levels significantly, researchers suggest that protection against heart arrhythmias, in addition to its anti-inflammatory properties may be responsible for the reduction in mortality risk.

Omega-3 fatty acids improve heart health measures in the elderly

2005-04-13T15:37:00.000-07:00

It is well known that omega-3 fatty acids can improve long-term heart health. A study published in the April volume of the medical journal Chest, indicates that omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil may improve heart function even after short-term supplementation.

Researchers followed 58 people aged 60 or older who were randomly assigned to take either marine derived omega-3s (fish oil) or plant derived omega-3s (alpha-linolenic acid) from soy oil. The oils were taken as 1 gram capsules, twice daily for 6 months.

A measure of heart-healthiness called heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed every other day. Supplementation with 2 grams/day of fish oil was associated with a significant increase in HRV. Supplementation with 2 grams/day of soy oil also significantly improved HRV, but to a lesser degree than the fish oil.

In addition to other factors known to improve heart health, such as exercise, weight loss, and stress reduction, taking a daily omega-3 oil supplement may therefore reduce the risk of developing irregular heart rhythm or succumbing to sudden cardiac death.

Start Your Own Business During Direct Selling Awareness Month

2005-04-01T12:00:00.000-08:00

What is Direct Selling Awareness Month?

It’s a month long celebration of the power and pride of the direct selling profession! Throughout the month of April, 2005, direct sellers around the world will come together in a variety of live and online events that demonstrate the personal fulfillment, financial gain and fun that comes from starting and growing a direct selling business of their own.

Is A Direct Selling Business Right For You?

A direct selling business enables you to earn additional income, part or full-time, by partnering with a company that provides you with quality products or services, exceptional training, first class marketing materials and personalized support.

For a nominal investment, you can be in business for yourself right away! Then, over the following weeks, you’ll discover a world of support to help you take your first steps toward achieving your financial goals.

As the owner of a direct selling business, you determine how much income you make by the time and effort you invest in your new business. Whether your dream is greater financial security, a desire to be home with your children or to have an exciting career as a leader in your community, direct selling allows you to create your success on your own terms and in your own time.

Be A Part of the Home-Based Business Revolution!

More than 44 million people are involved in direct selling world-wide. Here’s why...

It takes very little capital to get started and the training and support you receive enables you to be in business for yourself but never by yourself.
The tax advantages of owning a home-based business save the average direct seller approximately $5000 in annual taxes when IRS approved deductions are maximized.
Becoming involved in the direct selling profession brings new friendships, new skills and inspires a more positive outlook on life, all of which brings a sense of fun and purpose to all aspects of your life.

I invite you to learn how in just a few hours a week, you can enjoy more income, more fun and a more fulfilling life!

Calcium supplementation increases bone mineral mass and stature in adolescent boys

2005-03-31T12:12:00.000-08:00

A study published on March 8 2005 online in Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that calcium supplementation in adolescent boys increased skeletal growth and bone mineralization. Twice per day for 13 months the adolescent boys were given either a placebo or 500 milligrams of calcium as calcium carbonate.

Bone mineral content, bone area, lean and fat mass, height, and weight were measured before, during and following the treatment period. They were also grouped according to activity level.

Both groups experienced increases in height, weight, lean and fat mass and most bone measurements over the course of the study. However, the group receiving calcium was found to have a significant increase in height, lean mass and bone mineral content of the whole body, lumbar spine and hip compared to the boys who received a placebo. Physical activity level increased the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral content only in an area of the upper leg bone.

Calcium supplementation early in life may improve bone mineral content and stature and help reduce future osteoporotic fractures.